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Biology 11 > Evolution and Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Evolution and Diversity of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Biology

A

the study of life

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2
Q

Evolutionary history of life- (Origins)

A
  • Dig down in ground and find fossils
  • All life has come from common ancestry
  • Evolution happens due to natural selection
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3
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

Natural Selection

A

differential reproductive success

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5
Q

Cell theory

A
  • All Life is made up of cell and cell products
  • Cell is smallest living units
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
  • Second law of thermodynamics says complex systems are chaotic and will become disorganized (cell membrane helps maintain the order/ organization)
  • Allows a simple, immediate, observable feature to separate almost all life from everything else
  • Does not allow for inclusion of things like viruses
  • Does not allow for origin of first cell
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6
Q

Chemical Makeup of Life- (Biochemistry)

A

Life must have a chemical basis that:

  • Provides the necessary structures
  • Contains the necessary information
  • Controls the necessary processes
  • Provides the necessary energy

IT IS

  • Precise, measurable, and simple
  • Does not tell us more than generalities
  • Still include viruses depending where chemical boundaries are drawn
  • Not useful and identifying life in an immediate moment
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7
Q

Multicellular

A

the group of cells must also collectively carry out all the processes of life

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8
Q

A living system…

A

carries out conversions of energy and matter – metabolism

to maintain its own stability – homeostasis

and ultimately to replicate itself (or its genes) – reproduction

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9
Q

Domain

A

largest group with separation based on biochemical and genetic differences

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10
Q

Darwinian Natural Selection Model

A
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11
Q

Changes that occured in evolution of eukaryote

A
  • mitochondria
  • motor proteins
  • photosynthesis and chloroplasts
  • mitosis
  • multicellularity
  • sex
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12
Q

Carrying capacity

A
  • what environment can sustain
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13
Q

Fitness

A

-biologic ability to reproduce and get your genes into the next generation

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14
Q

Common Evolution Misconceptions

A

Myth #1- Individuals evolve (Lamarck)

Myth #2- Evolution occurs through sudden major mutational changes.

Myth #3- Evolution is a random process

Myth #4- Organisms evolve to act for the good of the species

Myth #5- Evolution is progressive and goal directed

Myth #6 Evolution produces perfectly adapted populations

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15
Q

Cladogram

A

a grouping of common ancestors and all of its descendants

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16
Q

Derived Characteristics

A

traits shared by a clade

17
Q

Lineage

A

group of descendants

18
Q

Common Ancestor

A

organism where other organisms descend

19
Q

Evidence for Evolution

A
  1. Fossil evidence- relative age, absolute age
  2. Anatomical
  • Embryology (related organisms have similar development patterns because of common ancestor, all vertebrate embryos inherit the same basic genetic plan for development)
  • Anatomical Homology (characteristics or anatomy from ancestor by more than one descendant, homologous structure/traits)
  • Vestigial structure (inherited from common ancestor but useless, function lost overtime)
  • Convergence/ Analogous Structure (describe the acquisition of the same biological trade and unrelated lineages, looks like because of similar environmental requirements, similar functions at a different anatomy)
  1. Biochemistry and Molecular Structure
    * Genetic sequence, immune response and proteins structure all show increasing differences of common ancestors become more remote
  2. Biogeography- continental drift, adaptive radiation
  3. Comparative behaviour
20
Q

Homologous Structure

A

an organ, system, or body part that shares a common ancestry in multiple organisms

21
Q

Analogous Structure

A

structures that have similar functions and superficial appearance but very different anatomy and do not demonstrate recent common ancestry

22
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

when many species (instead of two) are formed from one ancestor: response to different selective pressures

Biology 11 (4 decks)

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