Evolution Flashcards
What do you say when talking about natural selection?
MASRCA
MUTATION leads to a new allele.
Organisms with mutation are better ADAPTED to…
They are better adapted to SURVIVE and REPRODUCE
This leads to an increase/CHANGE in the ALLELE frequency.
What is the definition of evolution?
Change in inherited characteristics of a group of organisms over time
What is the definition of natural selection?
Individuals with more favourable characteristics are more likely to survive and pass on those traits.
What is evolution within a species?
Change in allele frequency over time - study of this is called population genetics
What is the definition of allele frequency?
Number of times an allele occurs in the gene pool compared to the number of alleles for that gene
What is the definition of gene pool?
The sum total of all of the alleles for all of the genes in a population
What factors affect the size/composition of the gene pool?
Natural selection - directional or stabilising
Population size
Random events that reduce the size of the gene pool (genetic drift)
Immigration and emigration (gene flow)
Mutation rate
Non-random mating (sexual selection)
What are the 3 types of selection?
Directional
Stabilising
Disruptive
What is directional selection?
Change in environment leads to new/changed selection pressure.
Alleles for favourable trait are more likely to be passed on.
Frequency of favourable alleles increase.
What is stabilising selection?
Selection against extremes
Eg robins lay 4 eggs as any more - not enough food, any less - not warm enough for survival
What is disruptive selection?
2 extremes get selected
Eg bird colour, brown - not competed against as not a threat, blue - not competed against as intimidating
What is the definition of gene flow?
The exchange of alleles between populations.
Increases genetic diversity.
Due to immigration/emigration
What is the advantage to survival in having a large population?
Leager gene pool, more variation, greater capacity to adapt/survive.
What are the 2 categories of factors that affect population size?
Density dependent factors
Density independent factors
What are density dependent factors affecting population size?
Depend on population size
Eg competition, predation, parasitism, communicable disease
What are density independent factors affecting population size?
Affect populations of all sizes in the same way
Eg Climate change and natural disasters