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DAT Kaplan > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

change in the genetic makeup of a population with time

A

evolution

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2
Q

discredited theory that said the new organs or changes occurred because of the needs of an organism (based on the use or disuse of an organ)

A

Lamarckian evolution

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3
Q

Lamarckian evolution: any useful characteristic – in one generation was transmitted to the next generation

A

acquired

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4
Q

Only – of sex cells and not acquired characteristics can be inherited

A

DNA

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5
Q

changes acquired during an individual’s life are changes in the – cells

A

somatic

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6
Q

ability to survive and reproduce

A

fitness

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7
Q

environmental pressures – for the organism most fit to survive and reproduce

A

select

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8
Q

more offspring are produced than can survive (insufficient resources to support entire population)

A

overpopulation

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9
Q

offspring naturally show differences or – in their characteristics compared to those of their parents

A

variations

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10
Q

Hugo de Vries suggest that – are the cause of variations

A

mutations

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11
Q

the developing population must – for the necessities of life

A

compete

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12
Q

due to competition, many young must die and the number of adults in the population generally remains – from generation to generation

A

constant

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13
Q

over many generations of natural selection, the favorable changes called – are perpetuated in the species

A

adaptations

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14
Q

accumulation of adaptations eventually results in such significant changes in the gene pool that a new species has –

A

evolved

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15
Q

evolution of new species

A

speciation

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16
Q

species are groups of individuals that can – freely with each other but not with members of other species

A

interbreed

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17
Q

small local populations that form within a species

A

deme

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18
Q

If demes become – speciation may occur

A

isolated

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19
Q

genetic and eventually reproductive isolation often results from the – isolation of a population

A

geographic

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20
Q

when two species from different ancestors develop similar traits

A

convergent evolution

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21
Q

independent evolution of similar traits starting from a similar common ancestor

A

parallel evolution

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22
Q

species with a shared common ancestor develop differing traits due to their differing environments

A

divergent evolution

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23
Q

emergence of a number of lineages from a single ancestral species

A

adaptive radiation

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24
Q

distinct lifestyle

A

niche

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25
Q

includes all members of a particular species inhabiting a given location

A

population

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26
Q

a population’s gene pool is the sum total of all the – for any given trait in a population

A

alleles

27
Q

relative frequency of a particular allele

A

gene frequency

28
Q

evolution can be viewed as a result of changing – within a population

A

gene frequencies

29
Q

Hardy-Weinberg conditions

A

large population
random mating
no mutation, migration, natural selection (genes are equally successful at reproducing)

30
Q

real populations have – gene pools and migrating populations

A

unstable

31
Q

agents of microevolutionary change include natural selection, mutation, – mating, genetic drift, and gene flow

A

assortive

32
Q

the frequency of favorable genes – within a gene pool

A

increases

33
Q

gene mutations change– in a population, shift gene equilibria by introducing additional alleles

A

allele frequencies

34
Q

mates are usually selected to criteria such as phenotype and –

A

proximity

35
Q

changes in gene pool due to chance

A

genetic drift

36
Q

genetic drift is more pronounced in small populations, where it can be called –

A

founder effect

37
Q

migration of individuals between populations will result in a loss or gain of genes –> change gene pool

A

gene flow

38
Q

fossils are – evidence of evolutionary change

A

direct

39
Q

fossils are generally found in – rocks

A

sedimentary

40
Q

fossil resin of trees

A

amber

41
Q

process by which minerals replace the cells of an organism

A

petrification

42
Q

impressions left by an organism (footprints)

A

imprints

43
Q

form hollow spaces in rocks as the organism within decay

A

molds

44
Q

formed by minerals deposited in molds

A

casts

45
Q

primitive arthropod (similar to crabs) which dominated the early Paleozoic era

A

trilobite

46
Q

dinosaurs related to reptiles and birds that dominated the –era

A

Mesozoic era

47
Q

dawn horse the size of a fox that ate soft leaves

A

Eohippus

48
Q

hairy elephants found in Siberian ice

A

woolly mammoth

49
Q

Saber-tooth tigers preserved in –

A

asphalt tar pits

50
Q

Archaeopteryx link with reptiles (teeth and scales) and birds (–)

A

feathers

51
Q

same basic anatomical features and evolutionary origins but may have different functions

A

homologous structures

52
Q

similar functions but may have different evolutionary origins and entirely different patterns of development

A

analogus structures

53
Q

Similar – development is evidence of evolution from common ancestors

A

embryos

54
Q

chemical similarity of – of different organisms very closely parallels the evolutionary pattern

A

blood

55
Q

Miller: UV radiation + heat + mixture of methane, hydrogen, ammonia and – result in organic compounds

A

water

56
Q

colloidal protein molecules tend to clump together to form – a cluster of colloidal molecules surrounded by a shell of water

A

coacervate droplets

57
Q

a small percentage of coacervate droplets possessing favorable, stable characteristics may have eventually developed into the first –

A

primitive cells

58
Q

first primitive cells probably possess – and became capable of reproduction

A

nucleic acid polymers

59
Q

produce organic compounds from substances in their surroundings

A

autotrophs

60
Q

the addition of – to the atmosphere converted the atmosphere from a reducing to an oxidizing one

A

reducing

61
Q

some molecular oxygen was converted to – which blocks high-energy radiation

A

ozone

62
Q

chemosynthetic bacteria

A

autotrophic anaerobes

63
Q

green plants and photoplankton

A

autotrophic aerobes

DAT Kaplan (6 decks)

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