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DAT Kaplan > Animal behavior > Flashcards

Animal behavior Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic responses to simple stimuli and are recognized as reliable behavioral responses following a given environmental stimulus

A

reflex

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2
Q

simple reflex is controlled at the –

A

spinal cord

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3
Q

simple reflex connects a – pathway from the receptor (afferent neuron) to the motor (efferent neuron)

A

2-neuron

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4
Q

– nerve innervates the effector (muscle or gland)

A

efferent

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5
Q

T/F: reflex behavior is more important in the behavioral response of lower animals

A

true

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6
Q

more complex reflect patterns involve neural integration at a higher level of the – or even the cerebrum

A

brainstem

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7
Q

alerts an animal to a significant stimulus; can occur in response to potential danger or to hearing one’s name called

A

startle response

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8
Q

startle response involves the integration of many neurons in a system termed the – which is responsible for sled-wake transitions and behavioral motivation

A

reticular activating system

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9
Q

– are complex, coordinated, innate behavioral responses to specific patterns of stimulation in the environment

A

fixed-action patterns

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10
Q

complex reflexes: stimulus that elicits the behavior

A

releaser

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11
Q

T/F: because fixed-action patterns are innate, they are relatively unlikely to be modified by learning

A

true

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12
Q

T/F: an animal basa repertoire of fixed action patterns and only a limited ability to develop new ones

A

true

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13
Q

the particular stimuli that trigger a fixed-actio pattern are more readily modified, provided certain cues or elements of the stimuli are –

A

maintained

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14
Q

the retrieval and maintenance response of many female birds to an egg of their species, swimming actions of fish, flying of birds are examples of a

A

fixed-action pattern

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15
Q

daily cycles of behavior

A

circadian rhythms

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16
Q

animals with circadian rhythms lose their exact 24-hour periodicity if they are – from the natural phases of light and dark

A

isolated

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17
Q

– behavior will continue with approximate day-to-day phasing

A

cyclical

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18
Q

circadian rhythms is initiated intrinsically but modified by –

A

external factors

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19
Q

T/F: sleep and wakefulness are obvious examples of cyclic behavior and have been associated with particular patterns of brain waves

A

true

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20
Q

response to traffic signals is an example of

A

environmental stimuli

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21
Q

T/F: environmental stimuli influence naturally occurring biological rhythms and biological factors influence behavior governed by periodic environmental stimuli

A

true

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22
Q

learned behavior involves – to the environment

A

adaptive responses

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23
Q

the capacity of the nervous system, (cerebral cortex) for flexibility and plasticity

A

neurologic development

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24
Q

one of the simplest learning patterns involving the suppression of the normal start response to stimuli

A

habituation

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25
Q

ni habituation, repeated stimulation results in – responsiveness to that stimulus

A

decreased

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26
Q

Habituation: if the stimulus is no longer regularly applied, the response tends to – over time

A

recover (spontaneous recovery)

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27
Q

T/F: in habituation, recovery of the response can also occur with modification of the stimulus

A

true

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28
Q

– or Pavlovian conditioning in involves the association of a normally autonomic or visceral response with an environmental stimulus

A

classical

29
Q

the response learned through Pavlovian conditioning is called

A

conditioned reflex

30
Q

in Pavlovian conditioning, the normal innate stimulus for a reflex is – by one chosen by the experimenter

A

replaced

31
Q

An established (innate) reflex consists of an unconditioned stimulus, –, and the response that is naturally elicit is called unconditioned response, salivation

A

food

32
Q

stimulus that will not by itself elicit a response prior to conditioning

A

neutral stimulus

33
Q

during conditioning, a neutral stimulus and the – are presented together

A

unconditioned stimulus

34
Q

eventually the neutral stimulus is able to elicit the response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus and it is then called the

A

conditioned stimulus

35
Q

conditioning is the establishment of a – (association with response) by the addition of a new, previously neutral stimulus to the set of stimuli that already trigger a response

A

new reflex

36
Q

a critical test of conditioning is the determination of whether the conditioning process is actually – for the production of a response by a previously “neutral” stimulus

A

necessary

37
Q

– can be avoided by carefully evaluating all prospective stimuli before conditioning begins

A

pseudoconditioning

38
Q

operant or instrumental conditioning involves conditioning responses to stimuli with the use of – or –

A

reward or reinforcement

39
Q

T/F: operant conditioning has been successfully applied to responses under voluntary control as well to visceral responses (e.g. changes in heartbeat)

A

true

40
Q

experimenter associated with operant conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner

41
Q

following – the animal was much more likely to repeat the desired behavioral response

A

positive reinforcement

42
Q

animal links the lack of a certain behavior with a rewards; a bird learns that it will receive food if it does not peck on a circle

A

negative reinforcement

43
Q

involves conditioning an organism so that it will stop exhibiting a given behavior pattern

A

punishment

44
Q

chicken may respond to a light in many watt but if one particular response is rewarded, the rewarded response will occur with a – in the future

A

higher probability

45
Q

reward strengthens a specific behavioral response and raises its order in the –

A

hierarchy

46
Q

gradual elimination of conditioned responses in the absence of reinforcement (“unlearning” of the response pattern)

A

extinction

47
Q

in operant conditioning, the response if not completely unlearned but rather it – in the absence of reinforcement

A

inhibited

48
Q

ability of a conditioned organism to respond to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus generalization

49
Q

involves the ability of the learning organism to respond differentially to slightly different stimuli

A

stimulus discrimination

50
Q

a stimulus generalization is established after the organism has been conditioned, whereby stimuli further and further away from the conditioned stimulus elicit responses with –

A

decreasing magnitude

51
Q

imprinting is a process in which environmental patterns or objects presented to a developing organism during a brief – in early life become accepted permanently as an element of its behavioral environment

A

critical period

52
Q

imprinting was observed by ethologist –

A

Lorenz

53
Q

critical periods are specific time periods during an animal’s early development when it is physiologically able to develop specific –

A

behavioral patterns

54
Q

some animals have a visual critical period so if light is not present – will not develop properly

A

visual effectors

55
Q

– interactions occur as a means of communication between members of a species

A

intraspecific

56
Q

innate behavior that has evolved as a signal for communication between members of the same species

A

display

57
Q

T/F: a song, call, or intentional change in an animal’s physical characteristics is considered a display

A

true

58
Q

specific behaviors found in all animals involving complex actions that function as signals in preparation for mating

A

reproductive displays

59
Q

a dog’s display of appeasement when it wags its tail is a form of –

A

agonistic display

60
Q

social hierarchy in a group of a same species is referred to as

A

pecking order

61
Q

pecking order minimizes violent infraspecific aggressions by defining – among the members of the group

A

stable relationships

62
Q

members of most land-dwelling species defend a limited area of – from intrusion by other members of the species

A

territory

63
Q

territories are often occupied by – and are frequently used for mating, nesting, and feeding

A

male or male-female pair

64
Q

larger populations have – territories

A

smaller

65
Q

many animals secrete – which influence the behavior of other members of the same species

A

pheromones

66
Q

trigger a reversible behavioral change int eh recipient

A

releaser pheromones

67
Q

releaser pheromones function as sex attractants, alarm, or –

A

toxic defenses

68
Q

produce long-term behavioral and physiological alterations in recipient

A

primer pheromones

69
Q

T/F: pheromones shown to limit sexual reproduction in areas of high animal density

A

treu

DAT Kaplan (6 decks)

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