Animal behavior

Question 1

autonomic responses to simple stimuli and are recognized as reliable behavioral responses following a given environmental stimulus

Answer 1

reflex

Question 2

simple reflex is controlled at the –

Answer 2

spinal cord

Question 3

simple reflex connects a – pathway from the receptor (afferent neuron) to the motor (efferent neuron)

Answer 3

2-neuron

Question 4

– nerve innervates the effector (muscle or gland)

Answer 4

efferent

Question 5

T/F: reflex behavior is more important in the behavioral response of lower animals

Answer 5

true

Question 6

more complex reflect patterns involve neural integration at a higher level of the – or even the cerebrum

Answer 6

brainstem

Question 7

alerts an animal to a significant stimulus; can occur in response to potential danger or to hearing one’s name called

Answer 7

startle response

Question 8

startle response involves the integration of many neurons in a system termed the – which is responsible for sled-wake transitions and behavioral motivation

Answer 8

reticular activating system

Question 9

– are complex, coordinated, innate behavioral responses to specific patterns of stimulation in the environment

Answer 9

fixed-action patterns

Question 10

complex reflexes: stimulus that elicits the behavior

Answer 10

releaser

Question 11

T/F: because fixed-action patterns are innate, they are relatively unlikely to be modified by learning

Answer 11

true

Question 12

T/F: an animal basa repertoire of fixed action patterns and only a limited ability to develop new ones

Answer 12

true

Question 13

the particular stimuli that trigger a fixed-actio pattern are more readily modified, provided certain cues or elements of the stimuli are –

Answer 13

maintained

Question 14

the retrieval and maintenance response of many female birds to an egg of their species, swimming actions of fish, flying of birds are examples of a

Answer 14

fixed-action pattern

Question 15

daily cycles of behavior

Answer 15

circadian rhythms

Question 16

animals with circadian rhythms lose their exact 24-hour periodicity if they are – from the natural phases of light and dark

Answer 16

isolated

Question 17

– behavior will continue with approximate day-to-day phasing

Answer 17

cyclical

Question 18

circadian rhythms is initiated intrinsically but modified by –

Answer 18

external factors

Question 19

T/F: sleep and wakefulness are obvious examples of cyclic behavior and have been associated with particular patterns of brain waves

Answer 19

true

Question 20

response to traffic signals is an example of

Answer 20

environmental stimuli

Question 21

T/F: environmental stimuli influence naturally occurring biological rhythms and biological factors influence behavior governed by periodic environmental stimuli

Answer 21

true

Question 22

learned behavior involves – to the environment

Answer 22

adaptive responses

Question 23

the capacity of the nervous system, (cerebral cortex) for flexibility and plasticity

Answer 23

neurologic development

Question 24

one of the simplest learning patterns involving the suppression of the normal start response to stimuli

Answer 24

habituation

Question 25

ni habituation, repeated stimulation results in -- responsiveness to that stimulus

Answer 25

decreased

Question 26

Habituation: if the stimulus is no longer regularly applied, the response tends to -- over time

Answer 26

recover (spontaneous recovery)

Question 27

T/F: in habituation, recovery of the response can also occur with modification of the stimulus

Answer 27

true

Question 28

-- or Pavlovian conditioning in involves the association of a normally autonomic or visceral response with an environmental stimulus

Answer 28

classical

Question 29

the response learned through Pavlovian conditioning is called

Answer 29

conditioned reflex

Question 30

in Pavlovian conditioning, the normal innate stimulus for a reflex is -- by one chosen by the experimenter

Answer 30

replaced

Question 31

An established (innate) reflex consists of an unconditioned stimulus, --, and the response that is naturally elicit is called unconditioned response, salivation

Answer 31

food

Question 32

stimulus that will not by itself elicit a response prior to conditioning

Answer 32

neutral stimulus

Question 33

during conditioning, a neutral stimulus and the -- are presented together

Answer 33

unconditioned stimulus

Question 34

eventually the neutral stimulus is able to elicit the response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus and it is then called the

Answer 34

conditioned stimulus

Question 35

conditioning is the establishment of a -- (association with response) by the addition of a new, previously neutral stimulus to the set of stimuli that already trigger a response

Answer 35

new reflex

Question 36

a critical test of conditioning is the determination of whether the conditioning process is actually -- for the production of a response by a previously "neutral" stimulus

Answer 36

necessary

Question 37

-- can be avoided by carefully evaluating all prospective stimuli before conditioning begins

Answer 37

pseudoconditioning

Question 38

operant or instrumental conditioning involves conditioning responses to stimuli with the use of -- or --

Answer 38

reward or reinforcement

Question 39

T/F: operant conditioning has been successfully applied to responses under voluntary control as well to visceral responses (e.g. changes in heartbeat)

Answer 39

true

Question 40

experimenter associated with operant conditioning

Answer 40

B.F. Skinner

Question 41

following -- the animal was much more likely to repeat the desired behavioral response

Answer 41

positive reinforcement

Question 42

animal links the lack of a certain behavior with a rewards; a bird learns that it will receive food if it does not peck on a circle

Answer 42

negative reinforcement

Question 43

involves conditioning an organism so that it will stop exhibiting a given behavior pattern

Answer 43

punishment

Question 44

chicken may respond to a light in many watt but if one particular response is rewarded, the rewarded response will occur with a -- in the future

Answer 44

higher probability

Question 45

reward strengthens a specific behavioral response and raises its order in the --

Answer 45

hierarchy

Question 46

gradual elimination of conditioned responses in the absence of reinforcement ("unlearning" of the response pattern)

Answer 46

extinction

Question 47

in operant conditioning, the response if not completely unlearned but rather it -- in the absence of reinforcement

Answer 47

inhibited

Question 48

ability of a conditioned organism to respond to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus

Answer 48

stimulus generalization

Question 49

involves the ability of the learning organism to respond differentially to slightly different stimuli

Answer 49

stimulus discrimination

Question 50

a stimulus generalization is established after the organism has been conditioned, whereby stimuli further and further away from the conditioned stimulus elicit responses with --

Answer 50

decreasing magnitude

Question 51

imprinting is a process in which environmental patterns or objects presented to a developing organism during a brief -- in early life become accepted permanently as an element of its behavioral environment

Answer 51

critical period

Question 52

imprinting was observed by ethologist --

Answer 52

Lorenz

Question 53

critical periods are specific time periods during an animal's early development when it is physiologically able to develop specific --

Answer 53

behavioral patterns

Question 54

some animals have a visual critical period so if light is not present -- will not develop properly

Answer 54

visual effectors

Question 55

-- interactions occur as a means of communication between members of a species

Answer 55

intraspecific

Question 56

innate behavior that has evolved as a signal for communication between members of the same species

Answer 56

display

Question 57

T/F: a song, call, or intentional change in an animal's physical characteristics is considered a display

Answer 57

true

Question 58

specific behaviors found in all animals involving complex actions that function as signals in preparation for mating

Answer 58

reproductive displays

Question 59

a dog's display of appeasement when it wags its tail is a form of --

Answer 59

agonistic display

Question 60

social hierarchy in a group of a same species is referred to as

Answer 60

pecking order

Question 61

pecking order minimizes violent infraspecific aggressions by defining -- among the members of the group

Answer 61

stable relationships

Question 62

members of most land-dwelling species defend a limited area of -- from intrusion by other members of the species

Answer 62

territory

Question 63

territories are often occupied by -- and are frequently used for mating, nesting, and feeding

Answer 63

male or male-female pair

Question 64

larger populations have -- territories

Answer 64

smaller

Question 65

many animals secrete -- which influence the behavior of other members of the same species

Answer 65

pheromones

Question 66

trigger a reversible behavioral change int eh recipient

Answer 66

releaser pheromones

Question 67

releaser pheromones function as sex attractants, alarm, or --

Answer 67

toxic defenses

Question 68

produce long-term behavioral and physiological alterations in recipient

Answer 68

primer pheromones

Question 69

T/F: pheromones shown to limit sexual reproduction in areas of high animal density

Answer 69

treu