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Psychology 1XX3 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptations

A

the working parts - the fundamental systems and subsystems - that animals are made up of.

biological traits that help an animal to survive and reproduce in its habitat. they perform a specific function that make an organism better suited to its environment.

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2
Q

Relevant adaptations

A

processes that are capable of accomplishing certain tasks that allow us to see, hear and respond to stimuli

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3
Q

Adaptationists

A

describe how hypotheses about adaptive function guide investigations

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4
Q

Adaptive Functions of Mental Activity

A

Selective attention
Memory Encoding
Mental Retrieval
Word Recognition

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5
Q

Natural Selection

A

differential survival and reproduction of organisms as a result of the heritable differences between them - one of the four basic mechanisms of evolution

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6
Q

3 Essential Components of Natural Selection

A

Individual Differences
Differential Reproduction
Heritable

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7
Q

Individual Differences

A

within any population, there is variation among individuals for an given characteristic

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8
Q

Differential Reproduction

A

Caused by individual differences to affect individuals’ chances of surviving and reproducing - some individuals will have more offspring than others

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9
Q

Heritable

A

traits that five rise to differential reproduction have a genetic basis. The offspring of successful reproducers will resemble their parents with respect to these variable characteristics

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10
Q

Selective Transmission

A

specific characteristics that are best adapted for survival and reproduction are going to be reproduces at higher rates (as this continues, adaptively undesirable traits are weeded out)

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11
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

selection against any sort of departure from the species-typical adaptive design

  • keeps traits stable over generations
  • selection favours a-typical traits when there has been a significant change in the environment
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12
Q

Darwin’s Finches

A

drought left only big seeds - large beaks are desirable - they survive to reproduce (small beaks die out)
end of drought led to more small seeds - small beaks are favourable - average beak size returns to normal

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13
Q

Survival of the Fittest

A

misleading because natural selection doesn’t necessarily favour those who are best at surviving, but also those who are best at reproducing

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14
Q

Darwinian Fitness

A

average reproductive success of a genotype relative to alternative genotypes (fitness in evolutionary biology does not equal physical fitness)

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15
Q

Evolution

A

change in genefrequencies over generations - the competition between genotypes to leave copies of themselves

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16
Q

Sexual Selection

A

the component on natural selection that acts on traits that influence an organism’s ability to obtain a mate. Often no help for survival but contributes to fitness via increased chances of mating

  • peacock’s display
  • elk courting
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17
Q

Subtypes of Sexual Selection

A

Female Choice: being chosen by the opposite sex (more attractive)
Success in Combat: defeating same-sex rivals in mating competition

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18
Q

Signs of Sexually Selective Traits

A

anatomical trait differentiation between sexes

differences existing only during breeding season

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19
Q

Species-Typical Behaviour

A

physical form
habitat preference
group size
social system

20
Q

Behaviour Genetics Experiments

A

keep animals in captivity and selectively breed based on behavioural traits

  • can change typical behaviour in a few generations
  • animals with short generation times are desired for experiments (usually fruit flies)
21
Q

Types of Social Behaviour

A

Cooperation
Altruism
Selfishness
Spite

22
Q

Cooperation

A

positive effect on recipient’s well being; positive effect on actor’s well being

23
Q

Altruism

A

positive effect on recipient’ well being; negative effect on actor’s well being

behaviour in which the actor incurs a cost to provide a benefit for the recipient

24
Q

Selfishness

A

negative effect on recipient’s well being; positive effect on actor’s well being

25
Q

Spite

A

negative effect on recipient’s well being; negative effect on actor’s well being

26
Q

Group Selection

A

selection favours the good of the group as a side effect of favouring the good of the individual (this does not explain the good of the gene nor does it explain altruism)

27
Q

Lemings

A

myth about suicidal population control
one gene for altruistic suicide and one for selfish restraint - the on that leads to altruism will die in the bodies of their suicidal bearers

28
Q

Eusocial Hymenoptera

A

includes all ants, some bees and some wasps

most individuals spend their lives serving the colony without reproducing

29
Q

W.D. Hamilton

A

troubled by altruism because he believed that standard accounts of natural selection could never code for self sacrifice - realized that genes for altruism could be successful if they left identical copies of themselves

30
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Direct fitness + indirect fitness
natural selection can favour behaviours that lead to your own reproductive success, but also behaviours that increase the reproductive success of close genetic kin

31
Q

Direct Fitness

A

fitness from personal reproduction

32
Q

Indirect Fitness

A

fitness from the reproduction of close genetic relatives

33
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

rB>C
the reproductive benefit to the recipients (B) multiplied by the probability that the recipients actually have identical copies of the same gene, or coefficient of relatedness (r), must be greater than the reproductive cost to the actor (C)

34
Q

Relatedness

A

probability that actor and recipient share the gene in question (REVIEW SPECIFICS)

35
Q

Dr. Daley and Dr. Wilson

A

found that genetic kin are rarely involved in homicide - child abuse rates are higher amongst step-children than biological children

36
Q

Mechanisms of Kin Recognition

A

Neighbours as Likely Kin
Alarm Calls
Cues of Kinship

37
Q

Neighbours as Likely Kin

A

in organisms with limited migration, neighbours are more likely to be close kin - be altruistic towards individuals that are spatially close to you

38
Q

Alarm Calls

A

altruistic warming of approaching predators

39
Q

Cues of Kinship

A

mother’s association, co-residence with other children

40
Q

Phenotype Matching

A

an evaluation of relatedness between individuals based on an assessment of phenotypic similarity

41
Q

De Bruine’s Matching Game - Monetary Gains

A

player 1 maximizes gains if she trusts player 2; player 2 acts unselfishly
player 2 maximizes gains if player 1 trusts her and then acts sefishly

42
Q

De Bruine’s Matching Game - Prediction

A

player 1 will be more trusting of a player 2 who resembles, compared to one who doesn’t (in the experiment, a morphed photo was used)

43
Q

De Bruine’s Matching Game - Results

A

subjects were more trusting when face looked like theirs

44
Q

Direct Reciprocity

A

individuals help each other and both benefit

45
Q

Indirect Reciprocity

A

when individuals help those who ave helped others

Psychology 1XX3 (8 decks)

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