Development Flashcards
Development
gene-environment interactions across an individuals life span
refers to the changes and continuity that occur within the individual between conception and death
Evolution
gene-environment interactions across the entire evolutionary history of a species
Neuroscience
the study of the nervous in the system and the neuro-basis of thought and behaviour
Maturation
biologically-timed unfolding of changes within the individual’s genetic plan
-influenced by specific environmental conditions
Learning
the acquisition of neuronal representations of new information. Relatively permanent changes in or thoughts, behaviour and feelings as a result of our experiences. Provide optimal strategies to respond to events and stimuli. Conditioning.
Interactionist Perspective
the view that holds that maturation and learning interact during development (maturation influences learning; learning influences maturation)
interaction between the extreme behaviourist and extreme genetic beliefs
4 ways to measure abilities in infants
Habituation Procedure
Event-Related Potentials
High-amplitude Sucking Method
Preference Method
Habituation Procedure
repeatedly presents the infant with the same stimulus while measuring changes in physiological responses or behavioural-oriented responses
- when a new stimulus is presented, there is a bust of activity
- when that stimulus is presented repeatedly, responses return to baseline levels
Habituation
a decrease in the responsiveness to a stimulus following its repeated presentation
Dishabituation
an increase in the responsiveness to a stimulus that is somehow different from the habituated stimulus.
Event-Related Potentials (ERP)
a measure of the brain electrical activity evoked by the presentation of a stimuli. A special cap with an array of electrodes is used, which can detect changes in the electrical activity across a population of neurons in the brain. the particular behaviour being measured will evoke changes in various brain regions of interest
High-Amplitude Sucking Method
Infants can control their sucking behaviour to measure what the infant likes or dislikes. Infant is given control over the presentation of the stimulus, where the increase in sucking behaviour triggers a switch in the pacifier causes the stimulus to be presented (stop sucking to end presentation)
Preference Method
Infant is placed in looking chamber. Infant simultaneously looks at two different stimuli while the research is measuring the direction the infant is looking to tell if more attention is being paid to one stimulus over the other
limitations of measurements of infants’ abilites
researchers are making inferences about complex cognitive and perceptive processes primarily from carefully observed behaviours
inferences and assumptions can cause a lack of validity
competence-performance distinction
Competence-Performance Distiction
an individual may fail a task not because they lack those cognitive abilities but because they are unable to demonstrate those abilities
Longitudinal Design
a developmental research design in which the same individuals are studied repeatedly over some subset of their lifespan -assesses developmental change
Critique of Longitudinal Design
Expensive and time-consuming
Selective attrition
practice effects
Selective Attrition
loss of participants in a study such that the sample ends up being non-responsive of the population as a whole
Cross-Sectional Design
a developmental research design in which individuals from different age groups are studied at the same point in time
-less time consuming and expensive; can uncover age differences
Critique of Cross-Sectional Design
cannot distinguish age effects from generational effects, cannot directly asses developmental change
zygote
formed from a sperm cell penetrating an ovum. contains 46 chromosomes (23 from each)
chromosome
a thread-like structure that is made from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). segments of DNA comprises genes which provide the chemical code for full development
monozygotic twins
identical twins
formed from one zygote split in two; genetically identical
dizygotic twins
fraternal twins
come from a different sperm and ovum; two different zygotes; share ~50% of genes
sex chromosomes
males determine the sex of the child
females carry two X chromosomes and the males carry one X and one Y chromosome
Genotype
an individual’s inherited genes
Phenotype
the expression of and individual’s genotype in terms of observable characteristics
Patterns of Inheritance
Simple Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
Polygenetic Inheritance
CoDominance
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Simple Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
a pattern of inheritance in which the expression of a trait is determined by a single pair of alleles
Homozygous
when two alleles have the same effect on the phenotype
Heterozygous
when two alleles have different effects on the phenotype
- only the dominant is expressed
- recessive allele is not expressed but still heritable
Polygenetic Inheritance
when multiple genes are included in the expression of a trait. Determined by the interaction of multiple genes when adds exquisite complexity.
-no single gene can account for most complex behaviours
Codominance
two dominant alleles are both fully and equally expressed to produce a phenotype that is a compromise between the two genes
Sex-Linked Inheritance
involves genes espressed on the X chromosome
-occur less frequently in females than males because they have two X chromosomes, but are often genetic carriers
Canalization Principle
genotype restricts the phenotype to a small number of developmental outcomes
Babbling example
despite range of language cultures, all infants babble in the same way. This universal phenomic sensitivity is independent of the environment
Range-of-Reaction Principle
genotype establishes a range of possible responses to different kinds of life experiences
Height Example
height is a trait that is clearly influenced by the interaction of genes and the environment. While it is determined by a number of environmental factors during development, it also has a genetically pre-determined potential range across poor and optimal environmental conditions
Passive Genotype/Environment Correlations
the environment that parens choose to raise their children in was influenced by their own genes
Evocative Genotype/Environment Correlations
the traits that we have inherited affect how other react and behave towards us. Genes can affect social environment.
Active Genotype/Environment Correlations
your genotype influences the kinds of environment that you personally will seek
Changes over the lifespan
passive is more influential early on life when we can’t choose our own environments
active begins to play a larger role in childhood and continues into adulthood as you have more opportunities to make decisions
evocative is influential throughout entire lifespan
Twin studies
used to determine to what extent interactions between genetics and the environment and their relative contributions influence development
Critical Periods
a window of opportunity within an individual’s development in which particular environmental stimulation is necessary to reach developmental changes in specific abilities
-ex: visual deprivation in kittens; rat studies
enriched environements
more connections between neurons
deprived environments
less connections between neurons
Implications in the loop of thinking
REVIEW.
the relationship between synaptic growth and environmental conditions is unclear.
Experience-Expectant Brain Growth
our brains have evolved to expect a cettain amount of environmental input, and with this input, our brains develop normally
Experience-Dependent Brain Growth
our brains develop according to our own personal experiences (specific to each individual)
Sensitive Periods
brain maintains some capacity for change and growth in adulthood; our brains develop according to our won personal experiences
-greater flexibility in the timing and type of stimulations required for normal development
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
Practice effects
changes in participant’s responses due to repeated testing
The Extreme Behaviourist Point of View
believes that nurture was all-important and development was largely independent of genetic factors
The Extreme Genetic Point of View
believes that who you become was largely predetermined by inherited genes and that the environment had minimal effect
