Evolution

Question 1

how does the theory of catastrophism compare to uniformitarianism

Answer 1

catastrophism states that earth features formed from sudden, violent events which no longer occur therefore earth is stable
uniformitarianism states that the principles that formed earth in the past are still ongoing, processes are continuous and happen over a long period of time

Question 2

species extinction

Answer 2

fossils that are lower are different from modern day animals, the lower they are, the older -> proved extinction

Question 3

acquired characteristics

Answer 3

alter bodies during lifetime and pass those traits on (false lol)

Question 4

the struggle of existence

Answer 4

populations grow exponentially and resources grow linearly, at one pt, there will not be enough resources

Question 5

alfred wallaces contributions

Answer 5

same theory as darwin, he studied amazon rainforests and found similar finding to darwin

Question 6

darwins theory of evolution

Answer 6

-evolution is the change in characteristics of a species from generation to generation through random variation and selective pressure (the ones that are better suited survive)

Question 7

darwin and galapagos islands

Answer 7

found that similar species = similar islands, slight differences suited to their environment

Question 8

variation within species

Answer 8

members within species vary from one another

Question 9

struggle for existence

Answer 9

COMPETE FOR RESOURCES cus of hgh birth rates +shortage of resources

Question 10

inheritance of traits

Answer 10

characteristics from one parent (regardless of usefulness) gets passed down

Question 11

survival of the fittest

Answer 11

the adaptations needed to fiit into the environment so that they can reproduce

Question 12

fitness

Answer 12

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a certain evironment

Question 13

adaptation

Answer 13

inherited characteristics that increase an organisms chance of survival

Question 14

descent with modification

Answer 14

every living species has descended from other species (but with changes)

Question 15

natural selection on the galapagos

Answer 15

birds: beaks are slightly different to help them hunt/eat, common ancestor but unique adaptations for environment
turtles: “, like saddlebacks vs domed

Question 16

variations

Answer 16

different combo of alleles inheritied from parents

Question 17

mutaitons

Answer 17

permanent change in genetic makeup, only source of genetic variation
-> can give a selective advantage

Question 18

selective advantage

Answer 18

a genetic advantage that helps inprove an orgs chance of survival

Question 19

selective advantage and limiting factors

Answer 19

when a new environment becomes a limiting factor, selective advantage can cause an org to be successful in survivng and reprod

Question 20

adaptation

Answer 20

structure, behaviour, physiological process that helps and org survive and reprod in a particular environment

Question 21

mimicry vs camo

Answer 21

mimicry is when a harmless animal has a visual similarity to a harmful one, camo is when orgs disguise their appearnace to blend in w/ thier surroudnigns

Question 22

dev of adaptations

Answer 22

the environmental conditions determine if the adaptaiton in positive, negative or neutral

Question 23

dna evidence of evolution

Answer 23

more protein sequences = more closely related

Question 24

homologous structures

Answer 24

similar in stucture, diff function
cat leg - walking
human arm - grasping

Question 25

analogous structure

Answer 25

CANNOT be used to show evolution, similar in function diff structure +ex.

Question 26

vestigial structure

Answer 26

remanents of organs/structures that had a function in an early ancestor ostrich wings, human tailbone

Question 27

directional

Answer 27

selection twoards one extreme and away from the other ex. moths, favoured black after industrial rev

Question 28

distruptive

Answer 28

favours extreme variations, against common traits ex. fishing derby, aims to catch all middle-sized fish

Question 29

stablizing

Answer 29

selection away from both extremes, favours common trait ex. premature/heavy babies

Question 30

sexual selection

Answer 30

reproductive success based on an organisms abilty to attract mates

Question 31

allele frequency

Answer 31

calculates the frequency of dominant and recessive alleles within the population

Question 32

genetic drift

Answer 32

change in the gene pool of a population due to pure random chance

Question 33

bottleneck effect

Answer 33

dramatic (usually temporary) reduction in population, a small sample of alleles establish a new population

Question 34

founder effect

Answer 34

when some individuals from a larger population leave to establish a new population (allele freq. not the same)

Question 35

examples of genetic drift

Answer 35

bottleneck and founders effect

Question 36

gene flow (migration)

Answer 36

organisms migrate, leaving one population and joining another - alters allele frequency of both

Question 37

non random mating

Answer 37

specialized breeding, sexual selection, artificial selection

Question 38

allopatric speciation

Answer 38

seperates geographically, can happen from founder effect or a geographic event

Question 39

sympatric speciation

Answer 39

living in the same area but with different niches

Question 40

ecological isolation

Answer 40

lives in diff habitats (prevention of mating, prezygotic)

Question 41

temporal isolation

Answer 41

seperate timing of reproduction (prevention of mating, prezygotic)

Question 42

behavioural isolation

Answer 42

different mating rituals (prevention of mating, prezygotic)

Question 43

mechanical prevention of fertilization

Answer 43

anitomical (body) differences

Question 44

gametic prevention of fertilization

Answer 44

diff protiens of surface of gametes

Question 45

hybrid inviability

Answer 45

post zygotic, hybrid dies during development or shortly after birth

Question 46

hybrid sterility

Answer 46

hybrid is infertile (post zygotic)

Question 47

hybrid breakdown

Answer 47

first generation is viable, but not the second (post zygotic)

Question 48

theory of gradualism

Answer 48

incremental changes over time to be more distinctive from their ancestor due to natural selection - expect to find transitional fossils

Question 49

theory of punctuated equilibrium

Answer 49

stephen jay gould & niles eldredge species might evolve with large changes followed by long periods of little to no change, which explains why transitional fossils may not be found

Question 50

pathways of evolution

Answer 50

divergent evolution (incl adaptive radiation), convergent evolution, co-evolution

Question 51

divergent evolution

Answer 51

a pattern of evolution in which species that were similar to an ancestral species become different (diverge) due to disruptive selection - adapt to their environments (diff conditions) - eventually results in 2 diff species - homologous structures as evidence

Question 52

adaptive radiation

Answer 52

form of divergent evol where members move to a new area and diversify under new selective pressures (e.g. darwins finches)

Question 53

convergent evolution

Answer 53

unrelated species from different ancestors independently evolve to have similar traits as they live in similar environmental conditions, not bc of shared ancestry (e.g. birds and bats, fish and whales) - analogous structures as evidence

Question 54

co-evolution

Answer 54

one species evolves in response to another, btoh are dependent on each other for survivial (e.g. koala and eucalyptus tree, figs and wasps)