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General Biology 1 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

For selection to be possible, what must exist?

A

Natural variation

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2
Q

What is biological evolution

A

Heritable change of a population over time

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3
Q

2 types of evolution an explain each of them

A

1) micro evolution: changes in one or few genes (no new species)
2) macroevolution : formation of new species

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4
Q

What does Lamarck state?

A

-changes in the environment cause organisms to evolve
- patents can pass on acquired traits (phenotype)

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5
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

How environment and behaviour affects gene expression without altering genetic coding of an organism.

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6
Q

Artificial selection

A

To breed desirable, heritable characteristics

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7
Q

What does Darwin state?

A

Natural selection is the driving force of evolution

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8
Q

What is natural selection?

A

An individual with more favourable traits is more likely to survive and reproduce.

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9
Q

What are the 4 of Darwin’s observations?

A

1) in one species there is a great (phenotypic) diversity
2) organisms produce more offsprings that can survive.
3) there is a struggle to survive
4)Differential reproductive success : individuals with favourable traits is more likely to reproduce (more)

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10
Q

Theory of evolution does not attempt to….

A

Explain how life on earth began

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11
Q

Natural selection includes:

A

1) biotic and abiotic pressure
2) sexual selection

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12
Q

Adaptations
1) explain
2) when and how does it occur?

A

1) ability of a specie to survive in a specific environment
2)occurs at population level , can also be behavioural, morphological, or physiological, selected by environment

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13
Q

Key points of theory of evolution:

A

1) species evolve over time
2)new species arise from the evolution of an ancestral species (macro evolution)
3)all living organisms originated from a common ancestor

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14
Q

How to know if organisms evolved from each other?

A

-change in population (genetics)
- formation of new species

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15
Q

One example of micro evolution:

A

Dogs (artificial selection of dogs = same species)

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16
Q

Macroevolution

A
  • new species, new genus, new family
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17
Q

Limitations of fossils

A

-Fossil record is incomplete (fossils rarely form)
-info about external, not internal
- evolution can occur without morphological changes (ex: height and diet)

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18
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

-fossil records
- hypotheses about macroevolution

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19
Q

Biogeography

A

-Study of geographic distribution of organisms
-Examines the patterns where organisms live on earth

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20
Q

Continental drift

A

Similar organisms found on different continents: descend from a common ancestor that lived before the continents drifted.

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21
Q

Comparative anatomy:

A

1) homologous features (divergent evolution): organisms with similar structures but different functions (hypothesized to have a common ancestor)
2) vestigial structures: original function lost as species adapt to different modes of life.

22
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Organisms with separate ancestries adapt in similar ways due to environmental demands

23
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups.

24
Q

Post Darwin ideas

A
  • molecular homologies:
    • the more recent the common ancestor, the more sequence similarities (DNA and /or amino acid sequence of proteins)
    • leads to a revision of evolutionary trees
25
Q

Limitations of evolutionary trees

A

-assumption that genes are passed only vertically
- conserved sequence
- hybridization of species can occur

26
Q

Factors leading to evolution

A

When one of the five conditions of h-w is not met

27
Q

Adaptive

A

Natural selection

28
Q

Non-adaptive

A

-non random mating that is not adaptive (interbreeding=reduce genetic variation)
- genetic mutation
-genetic drift: bottleneck, founder effect
- gene flow

29
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to produce a surviving offspring

30
Q

Natural selection causes changes in ?

A

Allele frequency

31
Q

3 modes of selection of phenotypes:

A

1) stabilizing : favours intermediate variants
2) Directional: favours one phenotypic extreme
3)Disruptive :favours individuals on both extremes

32
Q

Sexual selection: non random mating= natural selection can lead to….

A

-can lead to stabilizing, directional or disruptive selection

33
Q

According to evolutionary theory, what had to be the source of all original variation?

A

Mutation (theory hypothesize a single ancestor)

34
Q

Bottle-neck genetic drift:

A

sudden decrease in population size➡️ reduction in genetic diversity

35
Q

Founder effect genetic drift

A

Individuals leave the population and starts a new population: founders has less genetic variation that original, population )

36
Q

What kind of population is more susceptible to genetic drift? Why?

A

Small populations, because allele frequencies are are likely to change by random fluctuations

37
Q

Gene flow

A

-Transfer of alleles between populations of same or different species
-result of mvmt of fertile individual or gamete
- if between different species➡️ horizontal gene transfer

38
Q

Geneflow

A
39
Q

What are the 5 condition of H-W

A

-no random mating
-no natural selection
-no mutation
-No gene flow
- no genetic drift

40
Q

How new species arises? Explain

A

1) allopathic speciation :
-habitat isolation occurs: prezygotic reproductive barrier b/w groups
-each population exposed to different selective pressures, genetic drift, +/or mutation that cause macroevolution.
-eventually 1/ both populations undergo genetic changes that results in the formation of permanent reproductive barriers
2) sympatric speciation
- same place
- in geographically overlapping populations
- occurs if gene flow is reduced by mutation, habitat differentiation or polyploidy)
- result of changes in development
3) hybrid speciation

41
Q

How polypoidy arises in plants

A

1) Autoploidy (no hybrid formed)
2)Allopolyploidy (hybrids)

42
Q

What is autoploid?

A

Individual with more than 2 chromosome sets derivespd from a single species

43
Q

How are phylogenetic trees constructed

A

Presence of common structures
Fossils records
Molecular analysis

44
Q

What is a gene pool

A

All alleles present in a population

45
Q

Change in gene pool suggests…

A

Macroevolution

46
Q

In microevolution…

A

Selective pressure act on individuals

47
Q

5 conditions that must NOT be met for evolution to occur

A
  1. No natural selection
  2. Random mating
    3 no net mutations
    4.Large populations
    5.No migration b/w populations
48
Q

Sexual selection

A

-non random mating that is an example of Natural selection
1) direct competition
2)indirect competition

49
Q

Genetic mutations are random or not?
When can they be passed to offsprings?

A

Yes, random.
When they are in gametes

50
Q

What is quicker : sexual or asexual reproduction? Why?

A

Sexual. It is a rapid combination of alleles while asexual is dependent on mutation to generate new alleles.

General Biology 1 (5 decks)

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