EVOLUTION Flashcards
1
Q
cells
A
basic/smallest unit of life that come from a pre existing cell
2
Q
DNA na proteins
A
- both depend on eachother
- DNA is capable of storing information
- cells rely on proteins to grow, replicate and survive, but they are unable to store information
- DNA needs proteins to function, and proteins need DNA to exist
3
Q
RNA world hypothesis
A
- self replicating RNA emmerged, multiplied and evolved
- through survival of the fittest they evolved into strong and stable proteins
- RNA mutated into double helix DNA that became a storage for successful RNA and proteins molecules
- life got more complex, until RNA has adapted to become an essential part in cells
4
Q
Miller and Uray experiment
A
- aimed to simulate the conditions thought to exist on early earth, and investigate the origin of life
- created a laboratory set up that simulated the atmosphere of early earth, and they subjected the atmosphere to a continuous cycle of electric sparks, representing lightning to simulate the energy input
5
Q
life on earth
A
- dated back to 3.8bya
- there was a lot of water and CO2 available for photosynthesis
- photosynsthetic organisms preferred to use the more stable isotope of C13 therefore there was a higher ratio of C13:C17
- this ratio was found in rocks dated back to that amount of time. also lipids on these rocks indicate organic material
6
Q
where life originated
A
- surface tide pool panspermia, or under a thermal vent
- life originated in very harsh environments
- exobiology states that if life can appear in very harsh environments, it can appear anywhere
7
Q
Lamarck
A
- he proposed the first theory of evolution
- built his idea on the fact that individuals change by acquired characteristics
- today we know that acquired characteristics are not inherited so a species cant change because of it
8
Q
Darwin
A
- second theory of evolution
- natural selection states that in populations of organisms, individuals with heritable traits that are better suited for their environment are more likely ro reproduce, passing down those advantageous traits
9
Q
genetic diversity
A
- variety of traits present in a population
- a higher generic diversity provides greater pool of potential traits, increasing the chances of beneficial traits being present when environmental conditions change
10
Q
environmental change
A
- when this happens, certain traits may become more advantageous or disvantageous for survival
- natural selection will act upon existing variation in the population
11
Q
selection
A
- process in which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time
- occurs as a result of differential reproductive success among individuals with different traits
- selective pressures in the environment such as competition or predation determine which traits a re advantageous or disvantageous in the environment
12
Q
adaptation
A
process in which populations come better suited to their environment through natural selection
13
Q
endosymbiosis
A
- proposed by lynn margulis that caused a paradigm shift
- this theory explains how eukarioric cells came to be
- some organelles in eukaryotes looked like those of prokaryotes
- prokaryotic cells engulfed other cells through endocytosis, and instead of digestion it, the host cell made a symbiosis relationship with the new cell, making the first cell appear
14
Q
evidence for endosymbiosis
A
- similarities between organelles and free living bacteria
- mitochondria and chloroplasts having double membrane structure
- mitochondria and DNA haviiing their own DNA separate from the nuclear DNA of an eukaryote
- mitochondria and chloroplast replicating through binary fission
- evidence of other endosymbiosis events in nature
15
Q
homologous and analogous structures
A
- homologous structures are anatomical features found in different species that have a common evolutionary origin
- analogous structures have similar functions but different structures as they evolved differently
- these structures provide evidence for common ancestry and adaptation
16
Q
fossil record
A
- fossils of ancient organisms preserved in rocks reveal a pattern of gradual changes in species over time
- transitional fossiles show intermediate stages between mayor groups, providing evidence of evolutionary transitions
- supports the idea of gradual changes through evolutionary pressures
17
Q
embryos
A
- shows similarities in the early developmantes stages of different species hat share a common ancestor
- provides evidence of shared ancestry and demonstrate how different species develop through similar processes
18
Q
artificial selection
A
- selective breeding
- shows that humans selectively breeding plants and animals to produce a desired offspring
19
Q
molecular biology
A
- DNA sequencing reveals similarities and differences in the genetic make up of different organisms.
- species that share a more recent ancestor have greater degree of similarity in DNA sequences
20
Q
humans and chimpanzees
A
share a common ancestor that lived 7mya
21
Q
homin
A
- closer relative which we learnt about though fossiles
- emmerged in africa, and it’s canine teeth were smaller than earlier apes
22
Q
homo sapiens
A
- emerged in africa about 200kya
- highly adaptable,quickly filling every geographical niece
- new mutation every 1k years, which have helped us become the species we are today
23
Q
human migration
A
paths have been mapped out by piecing together fossil finds and archeological evidence
24
Q
photographs of DNA
A
- Rosalind Franklin
- through x ray diffraction
- through these images, Watson and Crick were able to produce the model of the DNA structure
25
Q
DNA
A
- double helix
- composed by 4 different nucleotide units, each consisting of a sugar molecule, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases
- found in the nucleus of all living cells (found in some mitochondria mDNA)
- its purpose is to make proteins by specifying the amino acid structure required for each protein
26
Q
human genome project
A
- its aim was to determine the sequence of genes
- 1990-2005
- funding came form the us government and private entities
- a parallel project was conducted outside of the government (CELERA) which started later but proceeded faster rate and lower costs, but relied on data made available by the publicly funded project
27
Q
patent of genomes
A
-Celera wanted to patent 6.500 genes
- Clinton announced that it could not be patented and should be available for all researchers
- it is currently available on the internet, raising ethical, legal, and social issues
28
Q
DNA sequencing
A
- can help us identify mutations
- can help research evolution
- help in other fields such as forensics and agriculture
