Evolution

Question 1

How were the 3 domains discovered

Answer 1

By comparing ribosomal nucleotide sequences

Question 2

The 3 domains are based on

Answer 2

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 3

The endosymbiont theory

Answer 3

Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living inside one another.

Question 4

Evidence for endosymbiotic theory

Answer 4

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes and can replicate independently
they have 70S ribosomes
circular single DNA

Question 5

What is gene transfer
Methods

Answer 5

Introduction of new DNA into existing cell
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

Question 6

Antiserum

Answer 6

Solution of antibody

Question 7

Identifying microorganisms

Answer 7

Morphological
Fatty acid
Serological> slide agglutination/ ELISA
physiological
Genotyping

Question 8

ELISA

Answer 8

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
Detect presence of antibodies for AIDs

Question 9

Physiological

Answer 9

Simple» catalase/ substrate utilisation test. (citrate> citrase>oxaloaceticacid > CO2> blue (low Ph))
Modern» kits / API kit (analytic profile index)/ biolog system(carbon compounds)

Question 10

Genotyping

Answer 10

DNA fingerprinting> bands
DNA hybridization>2 strands
DNA sequencing>nucleotide sequence
DNA chips>gene unique to pathogen

Question 11

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 11

Genome+ restriction enzymes
Amplify markers by PCR
Compare

Question 12

DNA hybridisation 70 % or more

Answer 12

Same species

Question 13

Combining all that

Answer 13

Polyphasic approach

Question 14

Transformation

Answer 14

DNA fragments of dead bacteria making a recombinant or hybrid cell

Question 15

Conjugation

Answer 15

A donor and a recipient of opposite mating type
Doner has plasmid recipient does not
Direct cell to cell contact
1 strand of plasmid transferred

Question 16

Transduction

Answer 16

Bacterial DNA transferred from donor to recipient inside a virus a bacteriophage originally a viral DNA that accidentally acquired a bacterial genome and transferred it

Question 17

Transduction types

Answer 17

Generalised>all jeans in a bacteria or equally likely to be packaged in the bacteriophage
Spcialised>only certain genes transferred

Question 18

Morphological

Answer 18

Colony(colour,shape)
Cellular(staining, inclusions)

Question 19

Serologic tests

Answer 19

Depends on the antigenic prop of microbes
Slide agglutination (uk bacteria+known antiserum) clumping=positive
ELISA

Question 20

Fatty acid profiles

Answer 20

Bacteria synthesise fatty acids that are constant for a species
Commercial systems separate cellular fatty acids to compare them to known ones

Question 21

DNA sequencing

Answer 21

Determine nucleotide sequence of DNA
More accurate
Unusual and pathogenic microbes
From sequencing 1 gene to whole genome

Question 22

2 closely related organisms will have

Answer 22

Identical or similar genes
Similar amounts of various bases in their DNA

Question 23

DNA chips

Answer 23

Quickly detects a pathogen by identifying a gene unique to it
Fluorescent and hybridization bet probe DNA and sample DNA