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Micro > Antimicrobial Drugs > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Why chemotherapy

A

To overcome diseases that the body defenses could not

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2
Q

Difference between disinfectants and antimicrobial drugs

A

Both interfere or kill microbes growth
Only antimicrobial drugs act within the host without damaging the host

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3
Q

The threat

A

Some staphylococcus strains or resistant to all antibiotics
TB is resistant to all antibiotics
Women’s death due to a bacteria resistant to all antibiotics

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4
Q

Most antibiotics are from

A

Streptomyces bacteria that live in soil

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5
Q

Why is it harder to develop antibiotics for eukaryotes

A

Due to the similarity between the cellular structure of both the host and the pathogen
Usually harms the host too

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6
Q

Eukaryotic pathogen examples

A

Fungi,protozoa,helminth

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7
Q

Narrow vs broad spectrum

A

Narrow>penicillin gram +ve
Broad>tetracycline both

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8
Q

Antimicrobial drugs action 5

A

Inhibiting cell wall synthesis
Injury to plasma membrane
Inhibiting protein synthesis
Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis
Inhibiting essential metabolites synthesis

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9
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibition

A

Penicillin> prevent cell wall synthesis by preventing peptidoglycan formation causing lysis
Affects growing cells only
No effect on host

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10
Q

Injuring the plasma membrane
Ionophores

A

Change in permeability causing loss of metabolites and uncontrolled movement of cations
Antifungal by binding to sterols
Not bacteria as no sterols

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11
Q

Inhibiting protein synthesis

A

Targets ribosomes 70S will damage host as mitochondria has 70s ribosomes
Chloramphenicol>50S inhibits peptide formation
Streptomycin>30S, incorrect mRNA reading
Tetracyclines>incorrect tRNA and mRNA attachment

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12
Q

Inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis
Catabolism/anabolism

A

Sulfanilamide and PABA (para aminobenzoic acid substrate)
Competitive inhibitor/allosteric inhibitor

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13
Q

Do ribosomes synthesize proteins?

A

No only assembles amino acids

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14
Q

Microbiota
Microbiome

A

Microorganisms
Microorganisms ecosystem

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15
Q

Symbiosis types

A

A relationship between 2 organisms were at least 1 benefits
*Commensalism only bacteria benefits host unaffected
*Mutualism, both host and bacteria benefited
*Parasitism, only bacteria benefited host damaged by endotoxins and exotoxins that cause disease

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16
Q

Lovely bacteria and where to find them

A

Skin>guard/immunity/wound healing
Gut>enzymes to digest/nutrient extraction
Intestine>vitamins(B12)/ hormones/medecine digestion

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17
Q

Pathogenicity vs virulent

A

Pathogenicity is the ability to cause disease
Violent is the degree of pathogenicity

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18
Q

Pathogens in body
First steps

A

Portals of entry(nose/mouth/injury)
Adhesion by adhesins on glycocalyx,flagella,pilli

19
Q

Penetration modes

A

Formation of capsules
Specific cell wall components
Enzymes
Antigenic variation
Biofilm formation

20
Q

Capsules

A

Highly viscous prevents phagocytosis
Allows adhesion
Increases virulence
Human body can produce antibodies against capsules and phagocyte the bacteria

21
Q

Examples of bacteria with capsules

A

Streptococcus pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae

22
Q

Cell wall components

A

M proteins that are heat and acid resistant
Streptococcus pyogenes
Resist phagocytosis
Increase virulence

23
Q

Enzyme production

A

Coagulase enzyme that coagulates blood fibrinogen into fibrin
Isolates bacteria and protect from phagocytosis

24
Q

Antigenic variation

A

Antigens usually receive antibodies from the host to inactivate them and perform phagocytosis
Some bacteria alter its surface antigens to become unaffected by antibodies
Influenza virus

25
Q

Biofilm formation

A

Community of bacteria
Thin, slimy layer
Sharing of nutrients
Shelter from environmental factors
Adhesion

26
Q

Why biofilm harmful

A

Bacteria become resistant to phagocytosis, by preventing phagocytes movement as they are very viscous.
Shielding of antigens by EPS

27
Q

What is EPS of biofilms

A

Extracellular polymeric substance

28
Q

Biofilm vs capsule

A

Capsule is 1 cell’s sugar coat
Biofilm is numerous cells sugar coat

29
Q

How do bacteria damage the host

A

Using the host nutrients
Producing toxins

30
Q

Siderophores / iron chelators

A

Bacteria require iron
They get it from the host by producing siderophores proteins to take iron from iron transport proteins like haemoglobin by binding to iron more tightly

31
Q

Toxin production

A

Poisonous
Transported by blood/lymph
Inhibit protein synthesis, destroy blood cells, disrupt nervous system, blood vessels destroy

32
Q

Capacity of microorganism to produce toxins

A

Toxigenicity

33
Q

Types of toxins virulence

A

Endotoxins>low virulence
Exotoxins>high virulence

34
Q

Exotoxins
What are they

A

Into surrounding medium or after host cell lysis
Proteins+enzymes for certain biochemical reactions
Part of metabolic growth released during log phase

35
Q

Why can exotoxins easily diffuse into the body

A

As they are soluble

36
Q

How exotoxins work 3

A

By destroying parts of host cells
Inhibiting protein Synthesis
Inhibiting metabolic functions

37
Q

Exotoxins are highly…..
Lethal

A

Specific and most lethal 1 mg of botulinum exotoxin can kill 1 million guinea pigs

38
Q

Diseases by bacteria that produce exotoxins are due to

A

Minute amount of exotoxins not the bacteria itself

39
Q

Endotoxins are ….not…

A

Part of outer membrane of gram negative cell wall
A metabolic product

40
Q

Endotoxins are….while exo toxins are
..

A

Endotoxins are lipids(lipopolysaccharide LPS) lipid A
Exotoxins are proteins+ enzymes

41
Q

Why antibiotics targeting gram negative bacteria cause immediate worsening of the symptoms

A

As they lyse the bacteria causing the release of endotoxins that are then broken down by lipase enzyme in the liver

42
Q

Endotoxins signs

A

All have the same signs but different degrees
Fever,weakness,death

43
Q

Comparison bet endotoxins and exotoxins
Bacteria
What are they
When
Stability
Toxicity
Fever producing

A

Exotoxin,,,,endotoxin
Gram +ve and -ve,,,, only -ve
Proteins,,,lipids(lipid A of LPS)
Metabolic growth,,,cell lysis
Unstable,,stable
High,,low
No,,yes

44
Q

Which toxin is specific for particular cellular structures

A

Exotoxin

Micro (9 decks)

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