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General Biology 2 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A group of organisms that share SIMILAR characteristics and CAN REPRODUCE among themselves to produce fertile offspring.

A

species

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2
Q

Many characteristics of a species are inherited when they pass from parent to offspring.

A

Descent

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3
Q

Change in inherited characteristics over time (million years) is called ________

A

evolution

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4
Q

In 1809, he suggested that characteristics or traits, developed during a parent organism’s lifetime are inherited by its offspring.

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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5
Q

The hypothesis that suggested that its offspring inherit characteristics or traits, developed during a parent organism’s lifetime.

A

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

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6
Q

Charles Darwin recorded observations about the plants and animals he saw on the South American coast.

A

December 1831

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7
Q

What is the name of the island where Darwin studied the diversity of living things?

A

Galapagos Island

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8
Q

How many species of finches did Darwin observe on the Galapagos Islands?

A

13

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9
Q

Proponent of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

A

Charles Darwin

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10
Q

Organisms with traits best to their environment are more likely to survive & reproduce.

A

Natural Selection

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11
Q

Characteristics na ginagawa ng mga organism para makasurvive.

e.g. giraffes’ long necks

A

Helpful Variations

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12
Q

All of the individuals of a species living in the same area & that can interbreed to produce offspring.

A

Population

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13
Q

An inherited trait that makes an individual different from other members of its species.

A

Variation

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14
Q

What can variation result to?

A

Permanent changes or mutations in an organism’s genes

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15
Q

Any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment.

A

Adaptation

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16
Q

Example of adaptation

A

Camouflage

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17
Q

The model that describes evolution as a slow, ongoing process by which one species changes to a new species.

A

Gradualism

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18
Q

Rapid evolution comes about when the mutation of a few genes results in the appearance of a new species over a relatively short period of time; This model can occur over a few thousand or million years and sometimes even faster.

A

Punctuated Equilibrium

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19
Q

The antibiotic penicillin came from _______

A

Penicillium

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20
Q

It is the remains, an imprint, or a trace of a prehistoric organism.

A

Fossil

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21
Q

Where are most fossils found?

A

Sedimentary Rocks

22
Q

Formed when layers of sand, silt, clay, or mud are compacted & cemented together, or when minerals are deposited from a solution.

A

Sedimentary Rock

23
Q

Examples of Sedimentary Rock

A

limestone, sandstone, shale

24
Q

Fossils are found more often in _______ than in any kind of sedimentary rock

A

limestone

25
Q

What are the 2 basic methods used alone or together to estimate the ages of rocks and fossils?

A

Relative Dating & Radiometric Dating

26
Q

Based on the idea that in undisturbed areas, younger rock layers are deposited on top of older rock layers; provides only an ESTIMATE of a fossil’s age by comparing the ages of rock layers found above & below the fossil layer.

A

Relative Dating

27
Q

More accurate estimate of the ages of a rock layer by using radioactive elements; Scientists can estimate the age of a rock by comparing the amount of radioactive elements with the amount of nonradioactive elements in the rock; does not always produce exact results because the original amount of radioactive elements in the rock can never be determined for certain.

A

Radiometric Dating

28
Q

What do most fossils represent?

A

extinct organisms

29
Q

Study of embryos and their development

A

embryology

30
Q

earliest growth stage of an organism

A

embryo

31
Q

Body parts that are similar in origin and structure and can also be similar in function. They often indicate that 2 or more species share common ancestors.

A

Homologous Structures

32
Q

Structures that don’t seem to have a function (e.g. human appendix)

A

Vestigial Structures

33
Q

Molecule that controls heredity and directs the development of every organism; found in genes that make up the chromosomes

A

DNA

34
Q

Humans, monkeys, and apes belong to the group of mammals known as the ______; all _______ have opposable thumbs, binocular vision, and flexible shoulders that allow arms to rotate

A

Primates

35
Q

Primates are divided into 2 groups

A

strepsirhines & haplorhines

36
Q

Includes lemurs & tarsiers

A

Strepshirhines

37
Q

Includes monkeys, apes, and humans

A

Haplorhines

38
Q

human-like primates that eat both meat and plants, and walked upright on 2 legs; they share the same characteristics with gorillas, orangutans, and chimpanzees but a larger brain separated them from the apes

A

hominids

39
Q

One of the oldest hominids discovered

A

Australopithecus

40
Q

An almost-complete skeleton of Australopithecus was found in Northern Africa in 1974. This hominid fossil was called ____ & had a small brain but is though to have walked upright.

A

Lucy

41
Q

A hominid fossil that was more like present-day humans than Australopithecus

A

Homo Habilis

42
Q

The hominid was named Homo Habilis meaning “____ ___” because simple stone tools were found near him.

A

hand man

43
Q

What is the estimated age of Homo Habilis?

A

1.5 to 2 million years old

44
Q

Based upon many fossil comparisons, scientists have suggested that Homo Habilis gave rise to another species called ____ _______, about 1.6 million years ago. This hominid has a larger brain than Homo Habilis and was known to have traveled from Africa to Southeast Asia, China, & possibly Europe.

A

Homo Erectus

45
Q

Thought to be ancestors of humans because they had larger brains & more humanlike features than Australopithecus

A

Homo Habilis & Homo Erectus

46
Q

Homo Sapiens evolved _________

A

400,000 years ago

47
Q

By about 125,000 years ago, 2 early human groups probably lived at the same time in parts of Africa and Europe

A

Neanderthals & Cro-Magnon humans

48
Q

Short, heavy bodies with thick bones, small
chins, and heavy brow ridges; family groups lived in caves and used well-made stone tools to hunt large animals; probably are not direct ancestors of
modern humans, but represent a side branch
of human evolution

A

Neanderthals

49
Q

Neanderthals disappeared from the fossil record about ______

A

30,000 years ago

50
Q

Standing about 1.6 m to 1.7 m tall, their physical appearance was almost the same as that of modern humans; they lived in caves, made stone carvings, and buried their dead

A

Cro-Magnon Humans

51
Q

Cro-Magnon fossils have been found in ______, ____, and ________ and date from about 10,000 to about 40,000 years in age

A

Europe, Asia, and Australia

52
Q

Where was the oldest recorded art of Cro-Magnon humans being found painted bison, horses, and people carrying spears?

A

walls of caves in France

General Biology 2 (4 decks)

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