Evolution

Question 1

What are the two types of evolution

Answer 1

microevolution and macroevolution

Question 2

microevolution

Answer 2

the change in allelic frequencies in a gene pool

(crab scenario)

Question 3

macroevolution

Answer 3

speciation - creation of a new species

Question 4

Hulton

Answer 4

GEOLOGIST

studied earth and figured out it was older than 6000 years old

also figured out that the earth is changing

Question 5

Malthus

Answer 5

ECONOMIST

had the idea that rich people will survive because they can afford to live, but poor people can’t (buying food, etc.)

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

Question 6

Lamarck

Answer 6

NATURALIST

said people can pass down acquired characteristics (which was wrong), but got right that favorable traits accumulate generation through generation

Question 7

Cuvier

Answer 7

PALIENTOLOGIST (studied fossils)

believed in creationism (not evolution, basically that god created everything) and thought that fossils supported that belief

Question 8

Lyell

Answer 8

GEOLOGIST

expanded on what Hutton said/discovered

Question 9

Darwin

Answer 9

NATURALIST

publishes many papers about what he discovers on a boat ride, including “On The Origin Of Species”

(also wrote articles in the same science journal/magazine a Wallace)

Question 10

Wallace

Answer 10

NATURALIST

published articles in the science journal/magazine, sends Darwin hiss hypothesis of natural selection

Question 11

Darwins Observations

Answer 11

1. members of a population often vary in their inherited traits
2. all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of their offspring fail to survive and reproduce

Question 12

Darwins inferences

Answer 12

1. Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals
2. This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

Question 13

what are the five assumptions required for the hardy Weinberg law?

Answer 13

1. the population mates randomly
2. no mutations occur
3. no selection occurs (no influence of “fitness”).
4. no migration (no gene flow)
5. large population size (no genetic drift)

Question 14

Hardy Weinberg Law

Answer 14

For a given gene A with alleles frequencies p (dominant) and q (recessive) in a parental population
the next generation will be in equilibrium (the gene frequencies p and q will not change over time).

Question 15

Gene Pool

Answer 15

the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species

Question 16

Speciation

Answer 16

one species splits into two or more species

OR

when one species changes enough to now be classified as a distinct species

Question 17

Morphological species concept

Answer 17

if you look alike, your the same species

Question 18

Ecological species concept

Answer 18

if you occupy the same niche, your the same species

Question 19

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 19

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that shares a common ancestor

Question 20

Molecular Biological Species Concept???

Answer 20

if the DNA is similar enough, then they are the same species

Question 21

biological species concept

Answer 21

if you can breed and produce FERTILE AND VIABLE offspring then you are the same species

Question 22

Counterexamples to the biological species concept

Answer 22

doesn’t work for asexually reproducing organisms (because then every organism would be it’s own species)

doesn’t work for fossils

usually doesn’t work for hybrids (mules can’t breed to make another mule)

Question 23

Hybrid

Answer 23

e.g. a mules (a breed between a DONKEY AND A HORSE MAKE a MULE)

Question 24

Reproductive isolation

Answer 24

prevents members of different species from. mating with each other

prevents gene flow between species

maintains separate species

Question 25

Reproductive barriers

Answer 25

serve to isolate the gene pools of species and prevent interbreeding (to make hybrids).

Question 26

Reproductive barriers can either be...

Answer 26

prezygotic - prevent sperm and egg from ever meeting; zygote is never made OR postzygotic - sperm and egg do meet and zygote is created; that. zygote does not grow up to be a fertile offspring

Question 27

Habitat isolation

Answer 27

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER if you live in two different places, you can't mate, and the gene pools will remain separate (doesn't have to be geographically far away, could just be land vs water, etc)

Question 28

Temporal isolation

Answer 28

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER if you mate at different times, your gene pools will remain separate (could be different mating seasons over the year, or even different times of day)

Question 29

Behavioral isolation

Answer 29

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER If you don't perform the right mating ritual/behavior (dance, song, etc), you won't mate, and the gene pools remain separate

Question 30

Mechanical isolation

Answer 30

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER Sex organs are not compatible, so you can't mate (location, shape, etc), and the gene pools remain separate

Question 31

Gametic isolation

Answer 31

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER the proteins on the surface of the sperm don't match up with the proteins on the surface of the egg, so the sperm can't fertilize the egg (so you can't mate), and the gene pools remain separate

Question 32

Reduced hybrid viability

Answer 32

POSTZYGOTIC VIABILITY the hybrid doesn't live; the egg is fertilized but it dies before it is born

Question 33

Reduced hybrid fertility

Answer 33

POSTZYGOTIC VIABILITY the hybrid lives, but it is infertile (e.g. mule)

Question 34

Hybrid breakdown

Answer 34

POSTZYGOTIC VIABILITY The hybrid can reproduce, but the offspring of the hybrid (F2 generation) cannot reproduce

Question 35

Allopatric speciation

Answer 35

there is a geographical separation between populations of the same species, isolating their gene pools the isolated populations no longer can reproduce, and the separate gene pools will change (they have their own mutations, food, etc) they may change enough so that even if you did put them back together, they could no longer mate

Question 36

Sympatric speciation

Answer 36

a new species arises in the same geographical area (no geographic barrier) as a parent species some ways this may happen: - polyploidy - habitat differentiation - sexual selection

Question 37

polyploidy

Answer 37

cells have more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes (more than 2n) gametes are then formed with more chromosomes than they should have, and can't mate with cells that have the normal amount BUT, the gametes can mate with themselves, so they do in one generation, you go from having a cell with one diploid number, to a cell with a new, higher diploid number (new species, can't mate with old one)