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Intensive Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of evolution

A

microevolution and macroevolution

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2
Q

microevolution

A

the change in allelic frequencies in a gene pool

(crab scenario)

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3
Q

macroevolution

A

speciation - creation of a new species

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4
Q

Hulton

A

GEOLOGIST

studied earth and figured out it was older than 6000 years old

also figured out that the earth is changing

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5
Q

Malthus

A

ECONOMIST

had the idea that rich people will survive because they can afford to live, but poor people can’t (buying food, etc.)

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

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6
Q

Lamarck

A

NATURALIST

said people can pass down acquired characteristics (which was wrong), but got right that favorable traits accumulate generation through generation

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7
Q

Cuvier

A

PALIENTOLOGIST (studied fossils)

believed in creationism (not evolution, basically that god created everything) and thought that fossils supported that belief

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8
Q

Lyell

A

GEOLOGIST

expanded on what Hutton said/discovered

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9
Q

Darwin

A

NATURALIST

publishes many papers about what he discovers on a boat ride, including “On The Origin Of Species”

(also wrote articles in the same science journal/magazine a Wallace)

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10
Q

Wallace

A

NATURALIST

published articles in the science journal/magazine, sends Darwin hiss hypothesis of natural selection

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11
Q

Darwins Observations

A
  1. members of a population often vary in their inherited traits
  2. all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of their offspring fail to survive and reproduce
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12
Q

Darwins inferences

A
  1. Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals
  2. This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations
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13
Q

what are the five assumptions required for the hardy Weinberg law?

A
  1. the population mates randomly
  2. no mutations occur
  3. no selection occurs (no influence of “fitness”).
  4. no migration (no gene flow)
  5. large population size (no genetic drift)
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14
Q

Hardy Weinberg Law

A

For a given gene A with alleles frequencies p (dominant) and q (recessive) in a parental population
the next generation will be in equilibrium (the gene frequencies p and q will not change over time).

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15
Q

Gene Pool

A

the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species

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16
Q

Speciation

A

one species splits into two or more species

OR

when one species changes enough to now be classified as a distinct species

17
Q

Morphological species concept

A

if you look alike, your the same species

18
Q

Ecological species concept

A

if you occupy the same niche, your the same species

19
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that shares a common ancestor

20
Q

Molecular Biological Species Concept???

A

if the DNA is similar enough, then they are the same species

21
Q

biological species concept

A

if you can breed and produce FERTILE AND VIABLE offspring then you are the same species

22
Q

Counterexamples to the biological species concept

A

doesn’t work for asexually reproducing organisms (because then every organism would be it’s own species)

doesn’t work for fossils

usually doesn’t work for hybrids (mules can’t breed to make another mule)

23
Q

Hybrid

A

e.g. a mules (a breed between a DONKEY AND A HORSE MAKE a MULE)

24
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

prevents members of different species from. mating with each other

prevents gene flow between species

maintains separate species

25
Q

Reproductive barriers

A

serve to isolate the gene pools of species and prevent interbreeding (to make hybrids).

26
Q

Reproductive barriers can either be…

A

prezygotic - prevent sperm and egg from ever meeting; zygote is never made

OR

postzygotic - sperm and egg do meet and zygote is created; that. zygote does not grow up to be a fertile offspring

27
Q

Habitat isolation

A

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER

if you live in two different places, you can’t mate, and the gene pools will remain separate

(doesn’t have to be geographically far away, could just be land vs water, etc)

28
Q

Temporal isolation

A

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER

if you mate at different times, your gene pools will remain separate

(could be different mating seasons over the year, or even different times of day)

29
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER

If you don’t perform the right mating ritual/behavior (dance, song, etc), you won’t mate, and the gene pools remain separate

30
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER

Sex organs are not compatible, so you can’t mate (location, shape, etc), and the gene pools remain separate

31
Q

Gametic isolation

A

PREZYGOTIC BARRIER

the proteins on the surface of the sperm don’t match up with the proteins on the surface of the egg, so the sperm can’t fertilize the egg (so you can’t mate), and the gene pools remain separate

32
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

POSTZYGOTIC VIABILITY

the hybrid doesn’t live; the egg is fertilized but it dies before it is born

33
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

POSTZYGOTIC VIABILITY

the hybrid lives, but it is infertile (e.g. mule)

34
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

POSTZYGOTIC VIABILITY

The hybrid can reproduce, but the offspring of the hybrid (F2 generation) cannot reproduce

35
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

there is a geographical separation between populations of the same species, isolating their gene pools

the isolated populations no longer can reproduce, and the separate gene pools will change (they have their own mutations, food, etc)

they may change enough so that even if you did put them back together, they could no longer mate

36
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

a new species arises in the same geographical area (no geographic barrier) as a parent species

some ways this may happen:
- polyploidy
- habitat differentiation
- sexual selection

37
Q

polyploidy

A

cells have more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes (more than 2n)

gametes are then formed with more chromosomes than they should have, and can’t mate with cells that have the normal amount

BUT, the gametes can mate with themselves, so they do

in one generation, you go from having a cell with one diploid number, to a cell with a new, higher diploid number (new species, can’t mate with old one)

Intensive Biology (7 decks)

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