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Intensive Biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Is Cellular Respiration Endergonic or Exergonic and why

A

It is exergonic because it releases energy

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2
Q

Where does Cellular respiration take place

A

In the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

What actually happens in cellular respiration

A

Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water and the cell captures SOME of the released energy to make ATP

in other words: a process that transfers energy from the bonds in glucose to form ATP

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4
Q

Respiration vs Cellular Respiration

A

Although the two relate, they are not the same.

Respiration is when an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releases Carbon Dioxide (CO2).

Cellular respiration uses that oxygen

In other words: Breathing happens in order to do cellular respiration

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5
Q

How much ATP is produced from each glucose molecule in cellular respiration

A

28 - 32 ATP molecules (usually closer to 32)

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6
Q

What percent of energy originally stored in the glucose is captured in cellular respiration

A

About 34%

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7
Q

Why not just have one chemical reaction that releases all of the energy from the glucose molecule?

A

If there was just one reaction that went very fast, the energy would burn and we wouldn’t be able to use it. However, with the slow process that gradually releases energy in small amounts (stored in the form of ATP), this is avoided.

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8
Q

Redox Reaction

A

The movement of electrons from one molecule to another

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9
Q

Reduction (in redox reaction)

A

The ADDITION of electrons to a substance

that substance gains electrons and therefor gains energy, but in terms of charge, it goes down (because electrons are negatively charged)

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10
Q

Oxidation (in redox reaction)

A

The LOSS of electrons from a substance

Oxygen “Steals” electrons from them

That substance loses electrons and therefor loses energy, but in terms of charge, it goes up (because electrons are negatively charged)

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11
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

Glucose loses its hydrogen atoms (and electrons) and becomes oxidized to CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Oxygen gains hydrogen atoms (and electrons) and becomes reduced to H2O (water)

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12
Q

NAD+

A
  • is an important enzyme in oxidizing glucose
  • accepts electrons
  • becomes reduced to NADH
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13
Q

4 Stages of Cellular Respiration (in order)

A

Stage 1 - Glycolysis

Stage 2 - Pyruvate Oxidation

Stage 3 - Citric Acid Cycle

Stage 4 - Oxidative Phosphorylation

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14
Q

Cellular Respiration Equation

A
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15
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur? What goes in and what comes out in Glycylosis?

A

Occurs in Cytoplasm

GOES IN: 1 Glucose (2 ATP)

COMES OUT: 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP (net 2 ATP because 2 in, 4 out), and 2 NADH

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16
Q

Where does Pyruvate Oxidation (grooming) occur? What goes in and what comes out in Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

Occurs while pyruvate molecules are entering mitochondria

GOES IN: 2 Pyruvate

COMES OUT: 2 AcetylCoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

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17
Q

Where does Citric Acid Cycle occur? What goes in and what comes out in Citric Acid Cycle?

A

Occurs in the Matrix (center of the mitochondria)

GOES IN: 2 AcetylCoA

COMES OUT: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2

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18
Q

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC) occur? What goes in and what comes out in Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)?

A

Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

GOES IN: 10NADH, 2FADH2 (sub 2)

COMES OUT: about 28 ATP molecules

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19
Q

What are the two types of Phosphorylation that occur in cellular respiration and when do they occur?

A
  1. Substrate-level phosphorylation (occurs in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle)
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation (occurs in Oxidative Phosphorylation also known as ETC)
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20
Q

Explain Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, ultimately forming ATP

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21
Q

What are the two main phases of glycolysis

A
  1. The energy investment phase
  2. The energy payoff phase
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22
Q

What happens in the energy investment phase of Glycolysis?

A
  • energy consumed as two ATP molecules is used to energize a glucose molecule
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23
Q

What happens in the energy payoff phase of Glycolysis?

A
  • 4 ATP molecules are generated (net 2 because 2 were consumed in energy investment phase)
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24
Q

What happens to the pyruvate formed in glycolysis?

A

it is transported from the cytoplasm into a mitochondria where the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation will occur (this all happens through pyruvate oxidation)

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25
Q

how many molecules of pyruvate are produced for each molecule of glucose that enter glycolysis?

A

2

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26
Q

What is Cellular Respiration

A

the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions

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27
Q

How many molecules of AcetylCoA are processed for each initial glucose in the citric acid cycle?

A

2

28
Q

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • electrons from NADH and FADH2 travel down the electron transport chain to O2 (oxygen)
  • Oxygen picks up H+ to form water
  • energy released by these redox reactions is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space
  • in chemiosmosis, the H+ diffuses back across the inner membrane through ATP synthase complexes, driving the synthesis of ATP
29
Q

ATP Synthase

A

An enzyme and channel that allows for the facilitated diffusion of H+ back into the matrix of a mitochondria after being pumped out (chemiosmosis). The H+ make the ATP Synthase spin which ultimately leads to the creation of ATP.

30
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The facilitated diffusion of protons through the ATP Synthase

31
Q

How much ATP can 1 NADH produce?

A

3 ATP Molecules

32
Q

What stage of cellular respiration evolved first?

A

Glycolysis

Evidence:
doesn’t need mitochondria

glycolysis doesn’t need oxygen to happen

33
Q

What stage of cellular respiration evolved last?

A

Pyruvate Oxidation

Evidence:

step in between one and another (why would it be created if there was nothing yet to connect)

varies from one organism to another

34
Q

How many times do you have to run pyruvate oxidation per each glucose molecule that goes through cellular respiration?

A

two because there are two three carbon pyruvate for every one 6 carbon glucose

35
Q

Why is the citric acid cycle a cycle?

A

The starting molecule is re-generated by the end of the cycle (but through the cycle ATP is produced and CO2 leaves)

there is no more of the original glucose by the end of the citric acid cycle

36
Q

What happens to the electron transported in the steps of ETC (during the process and after)

A

it loses energy through each time being transported and it get’s picked up at the end by oxygen to form water

37
Q

Where is the remaining energy from the electron that goes through ETC held?

A

in the concentration gradient

38
Q

Which electron carrier’s electron’s are more charged by the end ETC and why?

A

FADH2 electrons are more charged than the NADH electrons by the end of ETC because they go through one less protein

39
Q

Why do you need oxygen for ETC?

A

it picks up the electron after it is transported through all of the proteins, MAKING THOSE ELECTRON CARRIERS NOW EMPTY AND ABLE FOR REUSE

40
Q

Why is the Inner mitochondrial membrane folded?

A

Folds maximize the surface area upon which the process of oxidative phosphorylation occurs

AND, more membrane = more ATP produced

41
Q

what are Cellular poisons? What are the three categories of them?

A

Cellular poisons obstruct the process of oxidative phosphorylation

Three categories:

  1. ones that Block the electron transport chain
  2. ones that inhibit ATP synthase
  3. ones that make the membrane leaky to hydrogen ions
42
Q

What is Fermentation

and what specifically does it do

A

Fermentation is a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen

Fermentation…
- takes advantage of glycolysis
- produces two ATP molecules per glucose
- reduces NAD+ to NADH

43
Q

What are the two types of fermentation

A
  • Lactic acid fermentation
  • alcohol fermentation
44
Q

What happens in lactic acid fermentation

A
  • NADH is oxidized to NAD+
  • Pyruvate is reduced to lactate
45
Q

What happens in alcohol fermentation

A
  • NADH is oxidized to NAD+
  • Pyruvate is converted to CO2 and ethanol (releases the CO2)
46
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A
  • poisoned by oxygen (dies in presence of oxygen)
  • live in stagnant ponds and deep soils
47
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A
  • Can make ATP by fermentation OR oxidative phosphorylation
  • include yeasts and many bacteria
48
Q

What is the most direct energy source that powers the making of ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

The facilitated diffusion of the protons, the concentration gradient of the protons,

PROTON MOTIVE FORCE

49
Q

Could Oxidative phosphorylation work without oxygen? if there was no oxygen, how would that also affect the rest of cellular respiration (besides oxidative phosphorylation)?

A
  1. no it could not because the electrons can’t be dropped off to bind with anything at the end (usually binds to oxygen to make water)
  2. it wouldn’t work because to start glycolysis you need empty electron carriers (all of the electrons carriers would be full but with nothing to drop their electrons off too (usually oxygen)
50
Q

Anabolic vs Catabolic reactions

AND

is cellular respiration anabolic or catabolic

A

Anabolic reactions use energy to build complex molecules from simpler organic compounds

Catabolic reactions break complex molecules down into simpler ones, releasing chemical energy

Cellular respiration is CATABOLIC because it breaks down glucose to make energy

51
Q

aerobe

A

requires oxygen, performs cellular respiration

52
Q

anaerobe

A

does not require oxygen, performs fermentation

53
Q

Example(s) of simple diffusion in cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide leaving the cell (after cellular respiration)
oxygen coming in (for cellular respiration)

54
Q

Example(s) of facilitated diffusion in cellular respiration

A

Chemiosmosis - facilitated diffusion of H+ ions through the ATP synthase

55
Q

Example(s) of active transport in cellular respiration

A

active transport of H+ ions (protons) moving against the concentrations gradient into the intermembrane space through the ETC proteins

56
Q

Example(s) of osmosis in cellular respiration

A

Water leaving the cell (after cellular respiration)
(NOT SPECIFIC TO THIS UNIT)

57
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

an enzyme in glycolysis that gets regulated:

inhibited by (excess) ATP and Citrate (telling PFK to slow down) when there is already enough ATP in the cell or organism (for now)

stimulated by AMP (tells PFK to speed up) when the cell or organism is depleted and it needs more ATP

This is all done as FEEDBACK INHIBITION (ATP inhibits something in the process that made it)

58
Q

Levels of energy storage

A

ATP
Glucose
Glycogen
Fat
(fat most long term, ATP most short term)

59
Q

What is the only type of macromolecules that does all of the steps in cellular respiration?

A

Carbohydrates (sugars)

60
Q

Do Proteins (amino acids) go through all of glycolysis? if not where can they skip to?

A

NO

can skip many steps, most they can skip is up to the citric acid cycle

61
Q

do Fats (glycerol and fatty acids) go through all of glycolysis? if not where can they skip to?

A

NO

glycerol skips to glyceraldehyde 3-p (we don’t need to know that, just comprehend)

Fatty acids skip to (turn into) Acetyl CoA

62
Q

AMP

A

used up ATP

has less energy than ADP which has less energy than ATP

63
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

the mitochondria and chloroplast in a eukaryote was once a prokaryote that got engulfed by a larger cell

64
Q

Evidence for Endosymbiotic theory

A
  • mitochondria has double membrane
  • mitochondria replicate on their own (without rest of cell)
  • mitochondria have their own DNA and Rybosome
  • produce their own protiens
65
Q

Independant variable in lab

A

state of the seed (germinated vs nongerminated)

66
Q

dependent variable in lab

A

The CO2 concentration in the jar

Intensive Biology (7 decks)

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