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GENBIO 2ND SEM > EVOLUTION > Flashcards

EVOLUTION Flashcards

1
Q

Longest expanse of geologic time

A

EONS

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2
Q

Next longest expanse of geologic time

A

ERAS

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3
Q

Third Longest expanse of geologic time

A

PERIODS

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4
Q

Shortest expanse of geologic time

A

EPOCHS

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5
Q
  • (older than 540 million years ago) there isn’t as much detail of the geologic time scale. Scientists have divided this into Eons into the Proterozoic, Archaean, and Hadean.
  • there were FEWER LIFE FORMS. These life forms are more difficult to identify and the rocks have been disturbed.
A

PRECAMBRIAN TIME

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6
Q
  • The eon that began about 540 million years
  • Rocks deposited in this contain ABUNDANT FOSSILS that DOCUMENT MAJOR CHANGES in life forms over time.
A

PHANEROZOIC

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7
Q

3 eras within the Phanerozoic eon

A

● Paleozoic
● Mesozoic
● Cenozoic

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8
Q

ancient life

A

PALEOZOIC

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9
Q

middle life

A

MESOZOIC

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10
Q

recent life

A

CENOZOIC

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11
Q

are divided into still smaller units called
epochs. Epochs of other periods are named early, middle, and late.

A

Cenozoic

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12
Q

He was studying a large shark that had been caught by fishermen and noticed its teeth resembled stony objects found in some rocks.

A

NICHOLAS STENO

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13
Q
  • A French scientist named __________ studied fossils throughout the 18th century.
  • He is considered one of the pioneers of paleontology.
A

GEORGES CUVIER

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14
Q

the complete disappearance of a species from the Earth.

A

EXTINCTION

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15
Q

The emergence of a new species

A

SPECIATION

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16
Q

● A geologist who disagreed with Cuvier and his theory of catastrophism.
● He favored uniformitarianism, the idea that the Earth had been slowly and steadily transformed over time by a series of tiny changes.

A

Charles Lyell

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17
Q

the movement of sediments by wind and water.

A

EROSION

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18
Q

influenced many scientists who were seeking to explain the adaptations, or variations present in living organisms that aided in their survival.

A

UNIFORMITARIANISM

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19
Q

hypothesized that animals adapted to their environment by their muscles and organs changing over time due to their use or disuse.

A

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK

20
Q

● was a naturalist who had a copy of Charles Lyell’s book on geology with him as he traveled to South America on a ship, the HMS Beagle.
● In February 1835, he witnessed the Earth’s changes first hand during a massive 8.2 magnitude earthquake in Concepción, Chile.

A

CHARLES DARWIN

21
Q

Darwin had discovered an important evolutionary process called ______________, where a species rapidly diversifies into new forms.
○ This occurs most often when the organism encounters a new or changed ecosystem.
○ New ecosystems have new niches, or spaces and roles that organisms within it play.

A

ADAPTIVE RADIATION

22
Q

DARWIN’S BOOK

A

THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES

23
Q
  • Darwin felt that a similar process was occurring in nature, where traits favorable for a species surviving and reproducing in the wild were selected for.
  • This is called ______.
A

NATURAL SELECTION

24
Q

The first observation is that all species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support.
o This term for this level of reproduction is ____

A

SUPER FECUNDITY

25
Q

The third observation

A

THERE ARE LIMITED RESOURCES

26
Q

COMPEITION THAT occurs amongst members of
the same species

A

INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION

27
Q

COMPETITION THAT occurs between members of a
different species

A

INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION

28
Q

is the engine that drives the evolution; the extinction of some species and the speciation of new ones.

A

NATURAL SELECTION

29
Q

Four ecological factors

A

Physiological stress
Predation
Competition
Sexual Selection

30
Q

inappropriate levels of a critical environmental factor (Moisture, Light, pH)

A

Physiological stress

31
Q

when one organism is hunted and killed by another

A

Predation

32
Q

the result of other organisms attempting to use same resources

A

Competition

33
Q

occurs when the female (usually) responds to specific behaviors or physical traits

A

Sexual Selection

34
Q

The presence of predators will cause encourage the selection of individuals with traits to defend against or evade those predators.

A

PREDATION

35
Q

● Likewise, both interspecific and intraspecific competition will ensure that weaker, “less fit” individuals survive and reproduce less often.
● This is the evolutionary basis of males that fight over access to females

A

COMPETITION

36
Q
  • Darwin struggled to understand why evolution would produce birds with brightly-colored males, once writing, “The sight of a feather in a peacock’s makes me sick.”
  • A male bird that is able to grow a bright, colorful, large train of tail feathers must be healthy, and thus would be a suitable mate!
A

SEXUAL SELECTION

37
Q

When the right level of an environmental factor is present, population levels will be growing or at their peak. This is the optimal range for that factor.

A

Physiological Stress

38
Q

At the __________, levels of the factor are too high or too low. Weaker, less-adapted individuals are selected against.

A

zone of physiologic stress

39
Q

At the _______, the population dies out.

A

zone of intolerance

40
Q

are structural differences in coloration, body shape, musculature, etc.

A

Physical adaptations

41
Q

include migration, or marking a territory

A

Behavioral adaptations

42
Q

such as skin tanning, occur at the cell or tissue level in an organism

A

Physiologic adaptations

43
Q

specific anatomical parts that show variations on a common design.

A

homologous structures

44
Q

shrunken remnants of structures that were more useful in the ancestral form of a species.

A

Vestigial organs

45
Q

is the study of the geographic distribution of species.

A

BIOGEOGRPAHY

46
Q

Are sequences of DNA in chromosomes or sequences of
amino acids in proteins that are identical or nearly-identical.

A

Molecular homologies

47
Q

total collection of genes

A

GENE POOL

GENBIO 2ND SEM (5 decks)

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