Evolution

Question 1

The 1918 flu pandemic triggered a ‘cytokine storm’

What is this?

Answer 1

When people with strong immune systems are more likely to be affected severely

Question 2

How does the immune system recognise influenza?

Answer 2

By detecting a protein on the viral surface called hemagglutinin

Question 3

The process by which ne w genetic variants sweep a population is

Answer 3

Positive slection

Question 4

A phenotypic characteristic that has made it more likely for an organism to survive and reproduce is

Answer 4

An adaptation

Question 5

What is a phenotype?

Answer 5

A physical expression of an organisms genes

Question 6

What name is given to traits which are determined by genes to some degree

Answer 6

Heritable traits

Question 7

When did the field of poulation genetics begin to develop?

What triggered this?

Answer 7

1930s and 1940s

The rediscovery of George Mendel’s publications

Question 8

Which field seeks to undestand the patterns of genetic variance, as well as the underlying mechanisms which cause changes in gene frequency?

Answer 8

Population genetics

Question 9

What name is given to the different forms of a gene?

Answer 9

Alleles

Question 10

Alleles are found at

Answer 10

Loci

Question 11

What name is given to the sum of all alleles at alll loci in a population?

Answer 11

The gene pool

Question 12

What produced many important crops such as cabbage and brussel sprouts?

Answer 12

The artificial selection of a european species of wild mustard

Question 13

Why can one genotype produced a variety of phenotypes?

Answer 13

Environmental factors can influence devlopment, impactnig the way in which the genotype is expressed

Question 14

What name is given to local interbreeding groups?

Answer 14

Mendelian populations

Question 15

What is a polymorphic population?

Answer 15

One that has more than one allele at a locus

Question 16

What is the allele frequency of a monomorphic population at a given locus?

Answer 16

1

The allele is fixed

Question 17

What describes a populations genetic structure?

Answer 17

Allele frequency

Genotype frequency

Question 18

What models describes the conditions under which evolution does not occur?

Answer 18

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium

Question 19

What prediction can be made using the Hardy-Weinberg model?

Answer 19

Approximate gene frequencies can be estimated from allele frequencies

Question 20

What can restore genetic variance in a population?

Answer 20

Mutations

Question 21

Rates at which mutations occur on a single locus are

Answer 21

Low

Little deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Question 22

What is a population bottleneck?

Answer 22

A period in which only a small number of individuals within a population are succesfuly reproducing

Question 23

What effect does a population bottleneck have on genetic variation?

Answer 23

It decreases it substantially

Question 24

What is the founder effect?

Answer 24

Loss of genetic variation in the establishment of new populations

Question 25

What does natural selection act on directly?

Answer 25

The phenotype

Question 26

Which evolutionary effect confers adaptation?

Answer 26

Natural selection

Question 27

What determines the fitness of a phenotype?

Answer 27

The relative rates of survival and reproduction of individuals with the phenotype

Question 28

Do changes in reproductive rates across a population change the genetic structure?

Answer 28

Not usually

Question 29

What effect preserves average characteristics? What happens to the bell curve?

Answer 29

Stabilising selection It is squeezed tighter

Question 30

What effect shifts characteristics over time? What happens to the bell curve?

Answer 30

Directional selection It shifts to the right/left

Question 31

What effect favors characteristics in opposite directions from the mean? What happens to the bell curve?

Answer 31

Disruptive selection It becomes bimodal

Question 32

The effect that favours traits improving ability to compete for mates is

Answer 32

Intrasexual selection

Question 33

The effect that favours traits making individuals more attractive to mates is

Answer 33

Intersexual selection

Question 34

What kind of selection may favour traits that decrease survival rates?

Answer 34

Sexual selection

Question 35

What is an 'honest signal'

Answer 35

A demonstration of ability to survive in an environment

Question 36

What kind of mutations does natural selectrion not act on?

Answer 36

Neutral mutations

Question 37

What effect can change the frequency of neutral mutations?

Answer 37

Genetic drift

Question 38

What are the short term disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 38

Recombination breaks up adaptive combinations | Seperation in to gender reduces overall reproductive rate

Question 39

Give some advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 39

Eliminates deleterious mutations Repairs errors in DNA Variation can aid defense against pathogens

Question 40

What is muller's ratchet?

Answer 40

When an asexual organism accumulates deleterious mutations over time.

Question 41

What is the rare case in which an asexual organism can lose a deleterious mutation

Answer 41

Back mutation

Question 42

How does sexual reproduction affect natural selection?

Answer 42

It does not act directly. | It generates new combinations of alleles for natural selection to act upon