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EVOOOO > Evidence of evolution > Flashcards

Evidence of evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is a fossil

A

A fossil is the remains of a body,impressions, or traces of an organism a long time ago

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2
Q

What is fossil record

A

The total number of fossils that have been discovered across time and space and provides evidence of the evolution of living descendants by compaing with their fossilised ancestors.

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3
Q

What is fossilisation

A

Fossilisation is the process of the preservation of hardend remains or traces in rocks

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4
Q

What are the conditions that increase the chance of fossilisation?

A
  1. Rapid sediment accumulation
  2. Constant cool tempreature
  3. Low light availability
  4. Physical protection from scavengers and decomposers
  5. Constant moderate humidity
  6. Low winds
  7. NOT ALWAYS but typically underwater.
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5
Q

Fossilisation is when you decrease the rate of decomposotion?

A

True

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6
Q

What are the steps for fossilisation?

A
  1. Remenants/organism is covered by sediment rapidly
  2. Overtime, layers of sediment and pressure build,forming sedimentary rock
  3. Lack of oxygen,microorganisms and disturbances allow preservation to occur.
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7
Q

What are the types of fossils

A
  1. Permineralised
  2. Trace fossils
  3. Cast fossils
  4. Mould fossils
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8
Q

What is permineralised fossils

A

Trapped organic matter in sedimental rock that is gradually replaced by minerals such as silica, sulphur, carbonates, which often come from the groundwater that seeps through pores of organic material.

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9
Q

What is Trace fossils

A

Fossilised record of an organisms activity such as footsteps, feaces, stromaolities.

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10
Q

What is Cast fossils

A

When organisms is decomposed quickly or removed but leaves an mould, which is later filled with material, creating a fossilised cast.

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11
Q

In cast fossils, is there nay organic material

A

SHAPE OF ORGNAISM IS SHOWN BUT NO ORGANIC MATERIAL IS PRESERVED.

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12
Q

What is mould fossils

A

They form when an organism is buried under sedimen and decomposes creating an cavity of the shape of the dead organism.

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13
Q

soft or hard parts of orgnaism is kept during fossilisation?

A

Hard, as it decomposes much slwoer comapred to soft parts.

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14
Q

What methods can be used to provide evidence of changes in species over geological time in fossils?

A
  1. Relative dating
  2. Absolute dating
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15
Q

What is absolute dating and the main type

A

Provides a more precise estimate of age, by using different radisotopes are used to measure the age of an fossil via half lives.

Radiometric dating

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16
Q

What is relative dating
and what are the three types

A

The age of a fossil found by comparing its position with **other fossils **or rock in surrounding strata.

  1. Faunal sucession
  2. Index fossils
  3. Transitional fossils
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17
Q

What is radiometric dating

A

This is an qualatative method to date fossils by measuring the ratio of radioisotopes to the amount of broken down stable product to calculate how much of the radioisotope has been decayed over time.

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18
Q

What is half life

A

The time taken for the specific radioisotpe to decay half its mass

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19
Q

What is the daughter isotope of carbon 14 and whats its half life years and dating range

A

Nitrogen 14, 5730 yrs, 1000-50000

20
Q

What is the daughter isotope of pottassium 40 and whats its half life years and dating range

A

Argon 40, 1.3 billion, 100,000+

21
Q

What is the law of faunal sucession

A

That layers of strata closest to the surface are the youngest

22
Q

What are index fossils

A

The usage of a group of widespread fossils which had existed for short specific period of time and have known ages

23
Q

What makes a good index fossil

A

1.Geographically widespread
2.Large population
3.Existed for a short period of time
4.Easily identifiable

24
Q

Transitional fossils

A

Fossils that share traits to both ancestoral and descendant groups of species to help bridge the gap by showing the evolutionaly changes between the two very physically different species.

25
Q

What are evidences that can be used to determine the relatdedness between species.

A

Structural morphology
Molecular morphology

26
Q

What is structural morophrology and the types

A

The study of similarities and differences in structure between animals, including fossils of extinct species
Homolgoous and vesitgal

27
Q

What is homolgous structures.

A

Structures that are present in two or more species and may look and function differently in each species, but origniated from a common ancestor.

28
Q

What sturcutes provides evidence for divergent evolution

A

Homologous and vestigal

29
Q

What are vestigal streuctures?

A

Structures that have no complete or most of their usefullness as a result of evolution by natural selection from a comon ancestor.

30
Q

What is molecular homology?

A

The study of similarties in the nucleotide sequences of DNA or amino acid sequences in protiens between organisms to determine relatededness.

31
Q

How does DNA and amino acid differences measure relatedness?

A

DNA sequences in a specicies change over time due to the accumulation of heritable mutations in the germline ,making the DNA gradually diverge over time. THerefore we can identify two species that divereged a long time ago would have more differences in DNA than two species that divereged recently.

SAME WITH AMINO ACID SEQUENCE LOGIC

32
Q

what u call the average number of mutations that occur in a gene or genome over time

A

mutation rate

33
Q

What is a limitation of using moleucular homolgogy

A

The mutation is often not constant between species this is as
1. Overtime due to the selection pressues, presence of mutagens and population size
2. Within the genome, some parts are particularly common for mutations
3. Between species some have higher/lower mutation rates than others
4. Within species some sexes have higher mutation rates than other gender.

34
Q

Why is mTDNA used as a molecular clock

A
  1. Mutation rate is higher in mtDNA than nuclear DNA. Making it easier to analyse closely related species that did not have much time for the accumulation of mutations.
  2. There is no recombination in mTDNA as it is only inhertied from the mother, meaning that mTDNA remains unchanged from generation to generation, allowing for easy traceness to past ancestors.
35
Q

amino acid or DNA better for molecular homology

A

DNA more prescise, as it allows us to detect silent mutations that occur, which is not shown in amino acids due to the genetic code of degeneracy

36
Q

What can be created using dna and amino acid differneces?

A

Phylocgenic tree

37
Q

Why are phylogenic trees used

A

Provides an hypothesis of the evolutionary past and is useful for displaying 1. Relatedness between taxa( taxon is a group of organisms such as species,genus or fgamily)
2. Timeline of lineages( direct sequences of species that evolved from a common ancestor)
3. Shared characteristics of different taxa

38
Q

LOOK AT NOTES FOR HOW IT PROPERLY LOOKS

What are the important characteristics of a phylogenic tree

A
  1. Leaf( found at the end of branch, names extant or extinct species)
  2. Branch( each line is a branch)
  3. Nodes( when branches split away, representing a divergence between two taxa)
  4. Root ( the start)
39
Q

Can phylogenic trees represent timescales for evolution?

A

yes blud

40
Q

How can uncertanties in phylogenic trees happen

A

When using fossil evidence, since dating techniques are **not completely **accurate and fossils are not preserved properly

41
Q

What uncertantries can be shown in phylogenic trees

A

1.Sometimes a little gap between species means that we are unsure of ancestory but possible.
2.No node being present between species means that the** exact divergence time is unknown.**
3.nodes often split into two branches, but sometimes more can be shown. like 3 from one. this means it is unclear which species divereged from others FIRST
4.

42
Q

What does the line between branches mean

A

Interbreeding occured between groups after they have diverged.

43
Q

how can moephological data be used to make a phylogenic tree

A

Closely related organisms are more likely to look similar and behave in similar ways, therefore making it possible to determine relatdeness.

44
Q

What type of evolution does homolgous structures provide evidence for.

A

Divergent evolution

45
Q
A

EVOOOO (4 decks)

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