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EVOOOO > Changing allele frequencies > Flashcards

Changing allele frequencies Flashcards

1
Q

What is population

A

All of the individuals of a single species living in the same place at the same time.

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2
Q

What is gene pool?

A

The complete set of alleles present in a population

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3
Q

What causes variation in a population?

A

Due to enviomental factors and ** genetic factors** in the populations gene pool.

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4
Q

What are some random examples of enviromental facotr examples

You dont have to memorise this

A

Hydrangea flower colour depending on ph level of soil, or lack of nutrition stunts growth.

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5
Q

What are genetic variations?

A

Variations that are influenced by the protiens produced by genes and the regulation of genes.

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6
Q

What is continous variations

A

When the genotype is affected by the enviorment and the inheritance is polygenic (many genes)

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7
Q

Discontinious variations

A

When the genotype is not affected by the envioment and is inheritance is monogenic ( one gene)

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8
Q

What is allele frequency

A

The proportion of certain alleles in a gene pool

which can only be calculated if ALL individuals genotype is known.

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9
Q

If I gave the genotype: AA , how many alleles are shown as an example

A

2

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10
Q

What is the HARDY-WEINBERG principle

A

Allele frequencies in a population stay constant IF
1. Population is large
2. Mating is random
3. All matings are fertile
4. The population is closed ( lack of gene flow)

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11
Q

What facotrs affect the allele frequencies within a gene pool?

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Gene flow and genetic drift
  3. Enviotmental selection pressures
  4. Artifical selection pressures
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12
Q

What is a mutation

A

A permenant change to the nucleotide sequcne of DNA or RNA

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13
Q

What does mutations do to the genetic diversity of a population and what does it need to be for it to affect genetic diversity.

A

Increases as it brings new allels to the gene pool and NEEDS to be heritable.

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14
Q

How can a mutation happen

A

Randomly or by a mutagen

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15
Q

What is an mutagen

A

An agent that causes a mutation in a individuals DNA

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16
Q

What impacts could mutations have

A
  1. Neutral ( wont affect individuals phenotype)
  2. Benefical
  3. Deleterious
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17
Q

How can a mutation be passed on by parent

A

mutations need to occur in a germline cell NOT a somatic cell, for it to be passed to the offspring during fertilisation.

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18
Q

What are the types of mutations

A
  1. Point mutationws
  2. Block muations
  3. Aneuploidy
  4. Polyploidy
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19
Q

What are point mutations and what are types

A

Point mutations are mutationd where a single nucleotide in a genetic sequence is changed,inserted or deleted.
1.Missense
2.Silent
3.Nonsense
4.Frameshift

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20
Q

Will point mutations only impact a single gene?

A

True

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21
Q

What is silent mutation

A

When a nucleotide is substituted for another nucleotide, changing the triple codon sequence BUT still coding for the same amino acid.

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22
Q

Can silent mutations affect protien structure

A

No

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23
Q

What is missense mutations

A

When a nucloetide is substituted for another nucleotide, changing the triple codon AND changing its amino acid.

This affects protien structure

24
Q

What are frameshift mutatiions

A

Its the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides, this would change the reading of triple codon sequence.

25
Q

What is nonsense mutations

A

When a nucleotide is substitiuted for another nucleotide, making a triple codon a premature stop codon.

26
Q

What are block mutations and what are the types

A

Block mutations affect a large section of DNA or an entire gene, altering the structure of a chromosome.
1. Deletion
2. Duplication
3. Inversion
4. Translocation

27
Q

What is deletetion mutation

A

A section of DNA is remeoved from the chromosone

28
Q

When does block mutations often occur

A

During process of meiosis

29
Q

Inversion mutation what

A

When a section of DNA has its seqence reversed

30
Q

What is duplication mutation

A

When a section of DNA is replicated, lenthining the DNA

31
Q

What is translocation

A

When two sections of DNA on different chromosomes switch locations

32
Q

What factor of the genetic code allows for silent mutations

A

Degeneracy-multiple codons can be coded for a single amino acid.

33
Q

What is chromosomal abnormalaties

A

Any mutations that result in changes to entire chromosomes

34
Q

What is polyploidy

A

When an organism contains additonal sets of chromosomes

eg. Triploidy( 3 sets of chromosomes) so like 23 x 3

35
Q

What is aneuploidy

A

When a cell/organism varies from its usual number of chromosomes in its genome by the addition or loss of a single chromosome

Eg. trisomy on the 13 chromosome - patau syndrome

36
Q

What alters allele frequencies, chromosomal abnomaralities or block mutations

A

BOTH

37
Q

What is evolution

A

The change in genetic makeup of a population over generations due to the effect of natural selection

38
Q

What are enviormental selection pressures

A

Factors in the enviorment that impact individuals ability to survive and reproduce

39
Q

What is natural selection

A

A process where organisms with advantages alleles against the enviromental selection pressures are more likely to survive and continue to reproduce passing on their genes

40
Q

What are 4 conditions necessary for natural selection

A

1.Variation
2.Enviormental selction pressure
3.Selection advantage
4.Heritability

41
Q

what are the steps for natural selection

A
  1. There is varation in phenotypes between individuals in a population
  2. The variation is heritabile.
  3. Specific envioromental pressures cause some individuals to survive and reproduce better than others due to favourbable phenotypes.
  4. Organisms with favouble phenotypes are more likelt to survive and pass on their alleles to the next geneeration, altering the allele frequencies in the population making that trait more common.
42
Q

What is microevroliton and macroevolution

A

Microevolution: Refers to changes in allele
frequency within a population’s
gene pool.
Macroevolution: Is when over time, microevolution can lead to macroevolution, the evolution of new species.

43
Q

What was darwins HYPOTHESIS about the finches

A

Each species of finch had arisen from a common ancestor, this ancestor had initally spread across the islands and adapted to the different habitats, eventually forming different species

44
Q

Who are more likely to go extinct, populations wit low genetic diversity or high.

A

Animals with more genetic diveristy in alleles have a higher chance in surviviing new or difficult selection pressures than small populations that have low genetic diversity as they have a higher chance of possesing a more advantageous allele to help survive is a new selectiion pressure rises.

45
Q

What is gene flow

A

The movement of alleles between populations by interbreeding via emmigration or immigration.

46
Q

Does gene flow increase of decrease genetic diversity

A

Can do both increase or decrease,
immigration increases it
emmigration decreases

47
Q

What does inbreeding do to genetic diversity

A

Inbreeding can be benefical as new alleles can be added increasing genetic diversity but it can also decrease genetic diversity as the population is becoming more and more similar.

48
Q

What is genetic drift

A

Its the change in allele frequency due to a random event that dramatically changes the populations genw pool, reducing genetic diveristy.

bottle neck and founders

49
Q

What is bottleneck effect

A

When an random event reduces the populationd genetic diversity by removing a large proportion of a individuals, leaving only a little to survivie in the gene pool to contribute their genes to next generation. Note the new small population will not be a representative of the orignsl larger gene pool.

50
Q

The remaining small population after the bottleneck effect is often affected by inbreeding, true or false

A

True

51
Q

What is the founders effect

A

Founders effect is a reduction in genetic diversity that occurs when a new population is created by a small unrepresentative sample of an orignal population, the new population ( FOUNDING GROUP) has a lower genetic diveristy as they have smaller gene pool.

52
Q

Why is reduced genetic diverisity bad?

A

Can cause inbreeding to occur, allowing harmful genes to be passed on in the gene pool or would mean the population is more vunerble to new selection pressures as there might not be an individidual wiht an advantageous allele to survive and reproduce

53
Q

What are the causes of the bottleneck effect

A
  1. Seasonal climate change
  2. Heavy predation or disease
  3. Catastrophic events.
54
Q

What is artifical selection

A

When a populations gene pool is altered by humans alterning the breeding behaviour of aniamls and plants to select for a desired trait.

55
Q

if there are 100 people in a population
what is the total number of alleles in the gene pool?

A

200 alleles

Remember cause 2 alleles per perosn.

56
Q
A

EVOOOO (4 decks)

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