Artifical, speciation, pathogen Flashcards

1
Q

What is aritfical breeding

A

When a populations gene pool is altered by humans alterning the breeding behaviour of aniamls and plants to select for a desired trait.

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2
Q

Whats the difference between natural selection and artifical selection

A

Natural selection has the selection pressure that affects the gene pool occuring naturally whereas artifical slection, the selection pressure is human induced. There is a desired trait that humans are intentionally selecting or removing from the population.

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3
Q

What can happen in some selective corsses

A

Can cause dramatic genetic changes such as polyploidy ( especially in plants)

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4
Q

What is the process of artifical selection

A
  1. Individuals in a population vary genetically, leading to phenotypic differences
  2. The phenotypic traits can be passed on from parents to offspring
  3. A desirable trait is selected by humans who alter the breedig population
  4. After selection, the breeding population repoduced by natural forces or human induced breeding , which will be repeated over many generations, showing a higher favouble gene expression each time.

Variation-heritability-intervention-breeding

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5
Q

How does artifical selecting make it bad

A

Repeated inbreeding increases the amount of homozygous alleles in the offspring, which is negative as this can lead to the expression of deleteioud recessive alleles

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6
Q

How does aritifcal selection affect genetiic diveristy

A

It reduces genetic diverisy, this is as

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7
Q

We moved from selective breeding to genetic modification overtime true or false

A

True

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8
Q

What are antimicrobials

A

Antimicrobials are agents that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, aniamls and plants.

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9
Q

what is disinefectants, antiseptics, antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral

A
  1. Disinfectants- substances that are applied to non-living surfaces to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms
  2. Antiseptics-substances that are applied to living tissue to kill or slow the growth of microorganisms
  3. Antibiotics-Kill bacteria
  4. Antivirals-Kill virus
  5. Antifungal-Kill fungi
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10
Q

What is antimicrobial resistance

A

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a pathogen to survive exposure to an antimicrobial agent

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11
Q

How does antibiotic resistance occur

A

Antibiotic resistance bacteria come from natural selection, where the antibiotics is the enviromental selction pressure.
The bacteria that is resistant to an antibiotics have selective advantage via a mutation, which means it can continue to live and replicate within an orgnaism- causing it have a increased allele frequncey for antibiotic reistancE AND the bacteria without the gene is killed off by the drug
The bacteria with antibiotic reistant can also exchange genetic material with other bacteria through bacterial conjugation. Soreading the antibiotic reistant gene.

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12
Q

What ways can bacterial reistance mehcanisms

A

1.Pumping out the antibiotics out of the bacterial cell
2.Inactivating the antbiotic to reduce its effect
3.decreadsing cell wall perimiability
4.Changing the shape of the protien targeted by the antibiotic

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13
Q

What factors influence the formation of antibitoic reistant bacteria

A
  1. Non-compliance when taking antibiotics- some individuals dont complete their course of antibtoics, so pathogenic bacteria can still reproduce and increase the chance of a mutation occuring with anitbiotic reistance
  2. Innapropriate use of antibiotics- when antibiotics are unessarily prescribed for a viral infection, which may select for antibitoic reistence in** normal flora.**
    3.Widespread use of antibitoics- increased use of antibiotics can increase the probability that an individual prescribned with antibiiotics will have an antibitoic reistant bacteria. WHich is selected by natural selction.
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14
Q

How can antivrial drug reistance occur

A

Through antigenic shift and antigenic drift

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15
Q

When surface antigens of virus undergo changes, what does that allow the virus to do

A
  1. Avoid detection by the immunological memory
  2. Be unaffected by existing medications
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16
Q

What is antigenic shift

A

When multiple different strains of a virus combine when coinfecting the same host cell to form a new subtype of virys through virus recombination

can cause epidemic or pandemic

17
Q

What is antigenic drift

A

When a mutation accumulate and occur gradually and therefore forms a new subtype of virus.

18
Q

What are the two types of speciation

A

Allopatric and sympatric

19
Q

What is speciation?

A

The process in which populations genetically diverge until they become distinct species.

20
Q

What does viable and fertile mean

A

Viable means ability to survive
Fertile means able to reproduce

21
Q

What are two isolating sub cateogry of isolating mechanism

A

Pre reproductive isolating mechanisms
and post reproductive isolating mechanisms

22
Q

What are the types of pre reproductive isolating mechanisms and explain

A

Geographical: Indivudals are seperated by a barrier
Temporal: the time of day or year the individual is ready to mate may differ.
Behaviroul: types of mating behaviours, such as mating calls,rituals,dances may differ between individuals
Ecological: Individuals may inhibit different ecological niches or habitats that makes it unlikely to interact and breed.
Structural: the physical characteristics of the inidviduals, physiccally prevent them from breeding.

23
Q

What are the types of post reproductive isolating mechanisms and explain

A

Gamete mortality: the sperm is unable to penetrate the ovum for fertilisation
Zygote mortality: After fertilisation, a zygote may be formed but will not survive
Hybrid sterility: A viable offspring may be formed and may survive, however will not be fertile

24
Q

It would be expected that as the number of ecological niches increases, the number of new species would

A

increase

25
Q

Describe the similarities and differences between the processes of sympatric and allopatric speciation.

A

Both allopatric and sympatric speciation require the presence of selection pressures which help cause the accumulation of differences between populations.However, while allopatric speciation relies on the presence of a geographical barrier preventing gene flow, sympatric speciation does not require a geographical barrier.

26
Q

What are the two ways natural variation can exist within a population?

A

1.Genetic mutations
2.Sexual reproduction causing genetic recombination

27
Q
A