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Human biology > Evidence for evolution > Flashcards

Evidence for evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what characteristics do primates have?

A

generally sit in erect position
flexible
prehensility in hands and feet (grasping)
five digits on each hand and feet
nails instead of claws
four incisors in both the upper and lower
poor sense of smell
increased brain complexity
longer gestational period
reduced number of offspring

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2
Q

what is the evolution of digits in primates?

A

increasing mobility
increasing ability to move digits independently
first digit is opposable
first digit increase in length
claws give way to nails

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3
Q

what is the evolution of dentition in primates?

A

-reduction of teeth from 36 to 32
-4 cusped molars to having 5 in humans
monkeys and apes having large canines with a diastema

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4
Q

what is the evolution of sense of smell in primates?

A
  • reduction in smell
  • reduction in snout length
  • reduced prognathic jaw
  • increased flat face
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5
Q

what is the evolution of vision in primates?

A

-increasingly forward-facing eyes
-increased in bony socket/projection of eyes
-increased visual area in brain
-increased stereoscopic vision

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6
Q

what is the evolution of brain in primates?

A

-increased brain size
-increase in convolutions (folds)
-increased in cerebral cortex size

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7
Q

what is the evolution of gestational period in primates?

A

-increasing length of time that the offspring are dependent on the parents
-increasing later arrival at sexual maturity

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8
Q

what organisms are apart of hominides?

A

great apes and humas

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9
Q

what organisms are apart of hominines?

A

humans, chimpanzees and gorillas

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10
Q

what organisms are apart of hominins?

A

humans and extinxt ancestors seperate from chimpanzees

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11
Q

what is the foreman magnum?

A

the hole where the brain joins the spinal cord

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12
Q

where is the foreman magnum located in gorillas?

A

towards the back of the skull with larger neck muscles to hold up the head

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13
Q

where is the foreman magnum located in humans ?

A

central as the skull balances on top of the spine

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14
Q

describe the humans skeleton ?

A

bipedal locomotions
s-shaped spine
longer legs
shorter arms
smaller hands and feet
no opposable big toe
less finger curve

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15
Q

describe the gorilla skeleton ?

A

quadrupedal locomotion
bow shaped spine
shorter legs
longer arms
opposable big toe
curved fingers

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16
Q

describe the curvature of the spinal column in humans and why it is beneficial?

A

humans have a double curvature
to improve balance and head can balance on top of neck

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17
Q

what are the features of the gorillas skull?

A

no forehead
large and distinctive brow ridge
small brain case
face projects canine teeth
large zygomatic arch

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18
Q

what are the features of the humans skull?

A

high forehead
small brow ridge
flatten face
smaller molars and less teeth
smaller zygomatic arch
shallow arch

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19
Q

what is the shape of the pelvis in humans?

A

broad and short
for easier child birth and attachement of muscle

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20
Q

what is the shape of the pelvis in gorillas ?

A

thinner and longer

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21
Q

what are the points of the carrying angle

A
  • pelvis shape allows for hip joint to be directly under the trunk and head
  • large head on femur fits into the acetabulum
  • wide pelvis allows femur to coverage towards the knees
  • femur angled in towards the knee forms the carrying angle
  • good for stability for walking
  • weight distribution remains close to the central axis
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22
Q

describe the humans foot ?

A
  • weight transferred from knee to tibia to ankle
  • no prehensility (grasping)
  • big toe is larger and in line with the other toes
  • metatarsals shaped to form longitudinal arch (front to back) and transverse arch (side to side)
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23
Q

describe the humans centre of gravity ?

A

centre of gravity is the point at which the weight of the body is concentrated
- humans have longer legs than arms
increasing length of stride and lowers centre of gravity
-lowers centre of gravity creates stability during bipedalism

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24
Q

describe the humans muscle tone ?

A

muscle tone is partial contraction on muscles
- muscle tone supports upright position in hip, knee, ankle, abdominals and spine

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25
Q

describe the humans striding gait ?

A

striding gait is the full extension of the hip an knee into a straight position
- hominins are the only animals to have perfect locomotion
-foot has evolved to be weight bearing

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26
Q

what is The multiregional hypothesis?

A

Modern H. sapiens arose independently evolving from local communities of H. erectus [based on anatomical evidence]

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27
Q

what is The ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis

A

Modern H. sapiens originated from modern people who evolved in Africa and migrated to Asia & Europe in the past 100-200,000 yrs [based on DNA evidence]

28
Q

what are the points of hominins evolution pathway?

A
  • Bipedal Adaptation (7-4 million years ago):
  • Australopithecus Diversity (4-2 million years ago):
  • Homo habilis and Early Stone Tools (2.4-1.4 million years ago):
  • Homo erectus Expansion (1.9 million-100,000 years ago):
  • Archaic Homo sapiens (500,000-200,000 years ago):
  • Origin of Modern Humans (200,000-100,000 years ago):
  • Interaction with Other Hominins (100,000-40,000 years ago):
    -Behavioral Modernity (40,000-present):
29
Q

what is the prognathism and dentition in humans ?

A

-forward jutting jaw has decreased
-gradual decline in tooth size
- decreased brow ridge
- parabolic dental arcade

30
Q

what is brachiation?

A

arboreal locomotion which is movement accomplished by swing from one hold to another by arm

31
Q

what are adaptations for brachiation ?

A

longer arms than legs
flexible shoulder joints
long strong fingers for grasping
some primates have shorter thumbs

32
Q

what are the advantages for bipedalism?

A

-Can see over tall grass
-Reduces absorption of sun’s heat
-More efficient dissipation of excess body heat
-Can walk and run greater distances because longer strides expend less energy
-Frees hands to specialize in carrying and manipulating objects such as tools and food
-Early thinking was that bipedalism probably evolved in the savannah as the forest receded.
-Recent evidence indicates that bipedalism may have originated in the forest rather than the savanna [still argued]

33
Q

how is a Hard Hammer Percussion made and who used it?

A
  • Hard hammer stone is used to hit the stone
  • The flakes from the core will chip of crea?ng a par?ally completed core
  • The core is the tool
  • Oldowan = Australopithecus and homo habilis
  • Acheulians = homo erectus
34
Q

how is a soft Hammer Percussion made and who used it?

A
  • Soft hammer made off bone is used to hit the core
  • Removes flakes off the core
    -Neanderthals -Mousterian tool culture
35
Q

how is pressure flaking made and who used it?

A
  • Antler is used to apply pressure on to a core
  • The antler is used to make precise and controlled flakes break off
  • H. sapiens (Cro magnon) – Solutrean Tool Culture
36
Q

how is punch blade made and who used it?

A
  • Core is placed on a anvil an antler or bone is used as a chisel
  • A hard hammer is used to hit the antler in the core breaking off flakes and blades
    -H. sapiens (cro magnon)
37
Q

how is Levallois made and who used it?

A
  • Hammer stone is used to remove flakes
  • The tool is removed as a large single flake
  • Neanderthals -Mousterian tool culture
38
Q

what are the features of the Australopithecus afarensis cranium and brain size?

A

400-500cc
* Ape-like
* Low, sloping forehead
* A projecting face (prognathism)
* Prominent brow ridges above the eyes
* Foramen magnum not quite central

39
Q

what are the features of the Australopithecus afarensis teeth and jaw?

A
  • Jaw shape halfway between ape and human
  • Diastema often present
  • Large, thickly enamelled teeth
  • Reduced canines
40
Q

what are the features of the Australopithecus afarensis body shape?

A
  • Human-like pelvis and leg bones→bipedal
  • Longer arms than legs
  • Long, curved fingers with a less mobile thumb
41
Q

what is the Australopithecus afarensis date range?

A

3.9 – 2.5 MYA

42
Q

what are the features of the Australopithecus africanus cranium and brain size?

A

500cc
* Ape-like
* Low, sloping forehead
* A projecting face (prognathism)
* Brow ridges above the eyes, but less prominent
* Foramen magnum not quite central
* Decreased zygomatic arches

43
Q

what are the features of the Australopithecus africanus teeth and jaw?

A
  • Jaw shape halfway between ape and human
  • Large, thickly enamelled teeth
  • Reduced canines
44
Q

what are the features of the Australopithecus africanus body shape?

A
  • Human-like pelvis and leg bones→bipedal
  • Longer arms than legs
  • Long, curved fingers with a less mobile thumb
45
Q

what is the Australopithecus africanus date range?

A

3.9 – 3.0 MYA

46
Q

what is the Paranthropus robustus date range?

A

2.0 - 1.5 MYA

47
Q

what are the features of the Paranthropus robustus body shape?

A
  • Heavy build
  • Human-like pelvis and leg bones→bipedal
  • Longer arms than legs
  • Transverse and longitudinal arches on feet
48
Q

what are the features of the Paranthropus robustus teeth and jaw?

A
  • Jaw between U and parabolic
  • Very thick massive jaws but becoming thinner
  • Small incisors and canines
  • Very large molars, thickly enameled
  • Prognathic
49
Q

what are the features of the Paranthropus robustus cranium and brain size?

A

530cc
* Sagittal crest, massive face
* Heavy brow ridge
* Low forehead
* Central foramen magnum
* Large zygomatic arch

50
Q

what are the features of the Homo habilis cranium and brain size?

A

500-600cc
* Rounded cranium
* Small face with developed nose
* Decrease prognathism
* Decrease brow ridge
* More of the skull behind foramen magnum
* Bones becoming less thick

51
Q

what are the features of the Homo habilis teeth and jaw?

A
  • Smaller, narrow molars
  • Thinner jaw
  • Parabolic
52
Q

what are the features of the Homo habilis body shape?

A
  • Small & slight
  • Relatively long arms
  • Less curved fingers with short, more opposable thumb
  • Human-like pelvis and leg bones → bipedal
  • Transverse and longitudinal arches on feet
53
Q

what is the Homo habilis date range?

A

2.4 - 1.6 MYA

54
Q

what is the Homo erectus date range?

A

1.8 - 0.3 million years ago

55
Q

what are the features of the Homo erectus body shape?

A
  • Leg and foot bones suggest bipedalism
  • Finger bone proportions suggest human-like ability to form a
    precision grip
  • Transverse and longitudinal arches on feet
56
Q

what are the features of the Homo erectus teeth and jaw?

A
  • Smaller jaw, teeth arranged in a more rounded arc like modern humans (parabolic)
  • Smaller teeth and more human-like, although incisors still relatively large
57
Q

what are the features of the Homo erectus cranium and brain size?

A

900cc
* Brain case fuller and more rounded
* Beginnings of slight forehead
* Face had smaller brow ridge
* Less prognathism
* Foramen magnum central

58
Q

what are the features of the Homo neaderthalensis cranium and brain size?

A

1600cc
* Long, low rounded brain case
* Occipital bun at back of head and depression for attachment of strong neck
muscles
* Light prognathism
* Rounded brow ridges above the eyes with rounded eye sockets
* Receding forehead
* Foramen magnum central

59
Q

what are the features of the Homo neaderthalensis teeth and jaw?

A
  • Jaws larger and more robust than H. sapiens
  • Large molars
  • Prognathism
60
Q

what are the features of the Homo neaderthalensis body shape?

A
  • Limb bones were thick and had large joints which indicate they had strongly muscled arms and legs
  • Shin bones and forearms tended to be shorter than those of modern humans
  • Typical proportions of people living in colder climates
  • Transverse and longitudinal arches on feet
61
Q

what is the Homo neaderthalensis date range?

A

150,000 - 30,000

62
Q

what is the Homo sapiens date range?

A

100,000onwards

63
Q

what are the features of the Homo sapiens body shape?

A
  • Modern skeleton
  • Longer legs than arms
  • Transverse and longitudinal arches on feet
64
Q

what are the features of the Homo sapiens teeth and jaw?

A
  • Small parabolic jaw
  • small teeth with thin enamel
  • Sizable jaw with projecting chin
65
Q

what are the features of the Homo sapiens cranium and brain size?

A

1200 - 1700cc
* High cranial vault
* Vertical forehead
* No brow ridge
* Large frontal lobe

Human biology (15 decks)

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