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Human biology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of ?

A

a series of glands which secrete chemical messages

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2
Q

what are chemical messages called ?

A

hormones

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3
Q

what are the different types of hormones ?

A

protein
amines
steroids

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4
Q

what is the exocrine system ?

A

a gland that works in situ meaning it secretes body fluids to wear it is located and has a duct

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5
Q

what are some examples of exocrine glands ?

A

tear and salivary gland

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6
Q

What is the endocrine ?

A

secretes directly into the blood steam and are ductless

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7
Q

why are hormones specific ?

A

so they can be secreted to the bloodstream and only effect certain cells called target cells

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8
Q

Draw on your own piece of paper a labelled diagram of the pituitary gland

A
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9
Q

what hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce ?

A

FLATPG

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10
Q

what does FLATPG stand for ?

A

follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
prolactin
growth hormone

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11
Q

what hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ?

A

oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone

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12
Q

how do protein and amine hormone work?

A
  • the protein/amine hormone attaches to the receptor protein on the target cell
  • secondary messenger diffuses through the cell and turns on or off a enzyme in the cytosol
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13
Q

what is a secondary messenger ?

A

cyclic adenosine-mono phosphate

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14
Q

how do steroid hormones work ?

A
  • the hormone enter the target cell
  • combines with a receptor in the cell
  • which creates a hormone receptor complex
  • the complex enters the nucleus
  • complex finds a specific gene within the DNA and turns the gene on
  • this begins protein synthesis to make proteins which will make enzymes
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15
Q

What do proteins/amines do to cells ?

A

changes the shape of an enzyme by turning them off or on

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16
Q

what do steroids do to cells ?

A

-activate certain genes to produce enzymes or proteins
- changes the rate of producing enzymes or proteins by changing the rate of transcription or translation

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17
Q

what is hormone amplification ?

A

one hormone molecule results in the activation or manufacture of many enzymes

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18
Q

what organ does follicle stimulating hormone effect ?

A

ovaries and testes

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19
Q

what organ does luteinising hormone effect ?

A

ovaries and testes

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20
Q

what organ does adrenocorticotrophic hormone effect ?

A

adrenal cortex

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21
Q

what organ does growth hormone effect ?

A

all cell

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22
Q

what organ does thyroid stimulating hormone effect ?

A

thyroid glands

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23
Q

what organ does prolactin effect ?

A

mammary glands

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24
Q

what organ does antidiuretic hormone effect ?

A

kidneys

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25
Q

what organ does oxytocin effect ?

A

uterus and mammary glands

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26
Q

what organ does thyroxin effect ?

A

most cells

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27
Q

what organ does calcitonin effect ?

A

bone tissue and kidney

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28
Q

what organ does parathyroid hormone effect ?

A

bones and kidneys

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29
Q

what organ does thymosins effect ?

A

T lymphocytes

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30
Q

what organ does cortisol effect ?

A

most cell

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31
Q

what organ does aldosterone effect ?

A

kidney

32
Q

what is the group of hormones created by the adrenal cortex called ?

A

Corticosteroids

33
Q

what organ does adrenaline & noradrenaline effect ?

A

most cells

34
Q

what organ does insulin effect ?

A

most cells

35
Q

what organ does glucagon effect ?

A

liver
fat cells

36
Q

what organ does testosterone effect ?

A

many tissues

37
Q

what organ does oestrogen effect ?

A

many tissues

38
Q

what organ does progesterone effect ?

A

uterus
mammary glands

39
Q

what organ does melatonin effect ?

A

blood pressure
heart rate

40
Q

what does follicle stimulating hormone do to its target organs ?

A

maturation of ovarian follicles
production of sperm

41
Q

what does luteinising hormone do to its target organs ?

A

ovulation & maintenance of the corpus luteum

42
Q

what does growth hormone do to its target organs ?

A

growth & protein synthesis

43
Q

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do to its target organs ?

A

secretion of hormones from the thyroid

44
Q

what does adrenocorticotrophic hormone do to its target organs ?

A

secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

45
Q

what does prolactin do to its target organs ?

A

production of milk

46
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone do to its target organs ?

A

reabsorption of water

47
Q

what does oxytocin do to its target organs ?

A

contraction during child birth
release of milk

48
Q

what does thyroxin do to its target organs ?

A

increases metabolic rate, oxygen consumption and heat

49
Q

what does calcitonin do to its target organs ?

A

decreases the calcium in the blood

50
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do to its target organs ?

A

increase the calcium in the blood

51
Q

what does thymosins do to its target organs ?

A

development of the T lymphocytes

52
Q

what does aldosterone do to its target organs ?

A

increases the absorption of sodium and potassium ions in the blood

53
Q

what does cortisol do to its target organs ?

A

promotes normal metabolism, relieves stress, repairs tissue

54
Q

what does adrenaline & noradrenaline do to its target organs ?

A

fight or flight response
reinforces sympathetic nervous system

55
Q

what does insulin do to its target organs ?

A

lowers blood glucose levels

56
Q

what does glucagon do to its target organs ?

A

increases blood glucose levels

57
Q

what does testosterone do to its target organs ?

A

matures sperm
secondary sex characteristic

58
Q

what does oestrogen do to its target organs ?

A

regulates menstrual cycle
secondary sex characteristics

59
Q

what does progesterone do to its target organs ?

A

regulates menstrual cycle
prepares the mammary glands for milk production

60
Q

what does melatonin do to its target organs ?

A

affects the sleep patterns

61
Q

what is hormone clearance ?

A
  • hormones must be broken down to stop their effects
  • usually they are broken down by the liver excreted by the kidneys and urine
62
Q

what characteristic do protein and amines have?

A
  • water soluble
  • do not enter the cell
  • attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane
  • uses secondary messengers
  • secondary messenger switches an enzyme off and on
  • fast action as enzymes are already made
63
Q

what characteristic do steroids have?

A
  • fat soluble
  • enter the cell
  • attaches to a receptor in the cytosol
  • does not have secondary messengers
  • activates genes to produce new enzymes via protein synthesis
  • slow action as enzymes have to be made
64
Q

what hormones are released from the thyroid ?

A

thyroxine
calcitonin

65
Q

what hormones are released from the parathyroid ?

A

parathyroid hormone

66
Q

what hormones are released from the thymus ?

A

thymosins

67
Q

what hormones are released from the adrenal cortex ?

A

Corticosteroids including
- aldosterone
- cortisol

68
Q

what hormones are released from the adrenal medulla ?

A

adrenaline & nor adrenaline

69
Q

what hormones are released from the pancreas ?

A

insulin
glucagon

70
Q

what hormones are released from the testes ?

A

Testosterone

71
Q

what hormones are released from the ovaries ?

A

oestrogen
progesterone

72
Q

what hormones are released from the pineal ?

A

Melatonin

73
Q

how are hormones released from the pituitary gland ?

A

they use releasing factors eg FSH releasing factor

74
Q

If too much of the anterior lobe hormones are detected in the blood how is the releasing of the hormone stopped ?

A

the hypothalamus just stops sending releasing factors and it stops

75
Q

If too much of the posterior lobe hormones are detected in the blood how is the releasing of the hormone stopped ?

A

it sends inhibitor factors
eg oxytocin inhibitor factor

76
Q

Function of T3 and T4 ?

A

increases metabolic rate by breaking large molecules and releasing energy
increases respiratory rate
influence mood and behaviour

Human biology (15 decks)

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