Endocrine system Flashcards
what is the endocrine system made up of ?
a series of glands which secrete chemical messages
what are chemical messages called ?
hormones
what are the different types of hormones ?
protein
amines
steroids
what is the exocrine system ?
a gland that works in situ meaning it secretes body fluids to wear it is located and has a duct
what are some examples of exocrine glands ?
tear and salivary gland
What is the endocrine ?
secretes directly into the blood steam and are ductless
why are hormones specific ?
so they can be secreted to the bloodstream and only effect certain cells called target cells
Draw on your own piece of paper a labelled diagram of the pituitary gland
what hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce ?
FLATPG
what does FLATPG stand for ?
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
prolactin
growth hormone
what hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ?
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone
how do protein and amine hormone work?
- the protein/amine hormone attaches to the receptor protein on the target cell
- secondary messenger diffuses through the cell and turns on or off a enzyme in the cytosol
what is a secondary messenger ?
cyclic adenosine-mono phosphate
how do steroid hormones work ?
- the hormone enter the target cell
- combines with a receptor in the cell
- which creates a hormone receptor complex
- the complex enters the nucleus
- complex finds a specific gene within the DNA and turns the gene on
- this begins protein synthesis to make proteins which will make enzymes
What do proteins/amines do to cells ?
changes the shape of an enzyme by turning them off or on
what do steroids do to cells ?
-activate certain genes to produce enzymes or proteins
- changes the rate of producing enzymes or proteins by changing the rate of transcription or translation
what is hormone amplification ?
one hormone molecule results in the activation or manufacture of many enzymes
what organ does follicle stimulating hormone effect ?
ovaries and testes
what organ does luteinising hormone effect ?
ovaries and testes
what organ does adrenocorticotrophic hormone effect ?
adrenal cortex
what organ does growth hormone effect ?
all cell
what organ does thyroid stimulating hormone effect ?
thyroid glands
what organ does prolactin effect ?
mammary glands
what organ does antidiuretic hormone effect ?
kidneys
what organ does oxytocin effect ?
uterus and mammary glands
what organ does thyroxin effect ?
most cells
what organ does calcitonin effect ?
bone tissue and kidney
what organ does parathyroid hormone effect ?
bones and kidneys
what organ does thymosins effect ?
T lymphocytes
what organ does cortisol effect ?
most cell
what organ does aldosterone effect ?
kidney
what is the group of hormones created by the adrenal cortex called ?
Corticosteroids
what organ does adrenaline & noradrenaline effect ?
most cells
what organ does insulin effect ?
most cells
what organ does glucagon effect ?
liver
fat cells
what organ does testosterone effect ?
many tissues
what organ does oestrogen effect ?
many tissues
what organ does progesterone effect ?
uterus
mammary glands
what organ does melatonin effect ?
blood pressure
heart rate
what does follicle stimulating hormone do to its target organs ?
maturation of ovarian follicles
production of sperm
what does luteinising hormone do to its target organs ?
ovulation & maintenance of the corpus luteum
what does growth hormone do to its target organs ?
growth & protein synthesis
what does thyroid stimulating hormone do to its target organs ?
secretion of hormones from the thyroid
what does adrenocorticotrophic hormone do to its target organs ?
secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
what does prolactin do to its target organs ?
production of milk
what does antidiuretic hormone do to its target organs ?
reabsorption of water
what does oxytocin do to its target organs ?
contraction during child birth
release of milk
what does thyroxin do to its target organs ?
increases metabolic rate, oxygen consumption and heat
what does calcitonin do to its target organs ?
decreases the calcium in the blood
what does parathyroid hormone do to its target organs ?
increase the calcium in the blood
what does thymosins do to its target organs ?
development of the T lymphocytes
what does aldosterone do to its target organs ?
increases the absorption of sodium and potassium ions in the blood
what does cortisol do to its target organs ?
promotes normal metabolism, relieves stress, repairs tissue
what does adrenaline & noradrenaline do to its target organs ?
fight or flight response
reinforces sympathetic nervous system
what does insulin do to its target organs ?
lowers blood glucose levels
what does glucagon do to its target organs ?
increases blood glucose levels
what does testosterone do to its target organs ?
matures sperm
secondary sex characteristic
what does oestrogen do to its target organs ?
regulates menstrual cycle
secondary sex characteristics
what does progesterone do to its target organs ?
regulates menstrual cycle
prepares the mammary glands for milk production
what does melatonin do to its target organs ?
affects the sleep patterns
what is hormone clearance ?
- hormones must be broken down to stop their effects
- usually they are broken down by the liver excreted by the kidneys and urine
what characteristic do protein and amines have?
- water soluble
- do not enter the cell
- attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane
- uses secondary messengers
- secondary messenger switches an enzyme off and on
- fast action as enzymes are already made
what characteristic do steroids have?
- fat soluble
- enter the cell
- attaches to a receptor in the cytosol
- does not have secondary messengers
- activates genes to produce new enzymes via protein synthesis
- slow action as enzymes have to be made
what hormones are released from the thyroid ?
thyroxine
calcitonin
what hormones are released from the parathyroid ?
parathyroid hormone
what hormones are released from the thymus ?
thymosins
what hormones are released from the adrenal cortex ?
Corticosteroids including
- aldosterone
- cortisol
what hormones are released from the adrenal medulla ?
adrenaline & nor adrenaline
what hormones are released from the pancreas ?
insulin
glucagon
what hormones are released from the testes ?
Testosterone
what hormones are released from the ovaries ?
oestrogen
progesterone
what hormones are released from the pineal ?
Melatonin
how are hormones released from the pituitary gland ?
they use releasing factors eg FSH releasing factor
If too much of the anterior lobe hormones are detected in the blood how is the releasing of the hormone stopped ?
the hypothalamus just stops sending releasing factors and it stops
If too much of the posterior lobe hormones are detected in the blood how is the releasing of the hormone stopped ?
it sends inhibitor factors
eg oxytocin inhibitor factor
Function of T3 and T4 ?
increases metabolic rate by breaking large molecules and releasing energy
increases respiratory rate
influence mood and behaviour
