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Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system made up of ?

A

a series of glands which secrete chemical messages

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2
Q

what are chemical messages called ?

A

hormones

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3
Q

what are the different types of hormones ?

A

protein
amines
steroids

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4
Q

what is the exocrine system ?

A

a gland that works in situ meaning it secretes body fluids to wear it is located and has a duct

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5
Q

what are some examples of exocrine glands ?

A

tear and salivary gland

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6
Q

What is the endocrine ?

A

secretes directly into the blood steam and are ductless

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7
Q

why are hormones specific ?

A

so they can be secreted to the bloodstream and only effect certain cells called target cells

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8
Q

Draw on your own piece of paper a labelled diagram of the pituitary gland

A
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9
Q

what hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produce ?

A

FLATPG

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10
Q

what does FLATPG stand for ?

A

follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
prolactin
growth hormone

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11
Q

what hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ?

A

oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone

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12
Q

how do protein and amine hormone work?

A
  • the protein/amine hormone attaches to the receptor protein on the target cell
  • secondary messenger diffuses through the cell and turns on or off a enzyme in the cytosol
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13
Q

what is a secondary messenger ?

A

cyclic adenosine-mono phosphate

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14
Q

how do steroid hormones work ?

A
  • the hormone enter the target cell
  • combines with a receptor in the cell
  • which creates a hormone receptor complex
  • the complex enters the nucleus
  • complex finds a specific gene within the DNA and turns the gene on
  • this begins protein synthesis to make proteins which will make enzymes
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15
Q

What do proteins/amines do to cells ?

A

changes the shape of an enzyme by turning them off or on

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16
Q

what do steroids do to cells ?

A

-activate certain genes to produce enzymes or proteins
- changes the rate of producing enzymes or proteins by changing the rate of transcription or translation

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17
Q

what is hormone amplification ?

A

one hormone molecule results in the activation or manufacture of many enzymes

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18
Q

what organ does follicle stimulating hormone effect ?

A

ovaries and testes

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19
Q

what organ does luteinising hormone effect ?

A

ovaries and testes

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20
Q

what organ does adrenocorticotrophic hormone effect ?

A

adrenal cortex

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21
Q

what organ does growth hormone effect ?

A

all cell

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22
Q

what organ does thyroid stimulating hormone effect ?

A

thyroid glands

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23
Q

what organ does prolactin effect ?

A

mammary glands

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24
Q

what organ does antidiuretic hormone effect ?

A

kidneys

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25
what organ does oxytocin effect ?
uterus and mammary glands
26
what organ does thyroxin effect ?
most cells
27
what organ does calcitonin effect ?
bone tissue and kidney
28
what organ does parathyroid hormone effect ?
bones and kidneys
29
what organ does thymosins effect ?
T lymphocytes
30
what organ does cortisol effect ?
most cell
31
what organ does aldosterone effect ?
kidney
32
what is the group of hormones created by the adrenal cortex called ?
Corticosteroids
33
what organ does adrenaline & noradrenaline effect ?
most cells
34
what organ does insulin effect ?
most cells
35
what organ does glucagon effect ?
liver fat cells
36
what organ does testosterone effect ?
many tissues
37
what organ does oestrogen effect ?
many tissues
38
what organ does progesterone effect ?
uterus mammary glands
39
what organ does melatonin effect ?
blood pressure heart rate
40
what does follicle stimulating hormone do to its target organs ?
maturation of ovarian follicles production of sperm
41
what does luteinising hormone do to its target organs ?
ovulation & maintenance of the corpus luteum
42
what does growth hormone do to its target organs ?
growth & protein synthesis
43
what does thyroid stimulating hormone do to its target organs ?
secretion of hormones from the thyroid
44
what does adrenocorticotrophic hormone do to its target organs ?
secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
45
what does prolactin do to its target organs ?
production of milk
46
what does antidiuretic hormone do to its target organs ?
reabsorption of water
47
what does oxytocin do to its target organs ?
contraction during child birth release of milk
48
what does thyroxin do to its target organs ?
increases metabolic rate, oxygen consumption and heat
49
what does calcitonin do to its target organs ?
decreases the calcium in the blood
50
what does parathyroid hormone do to its target organs ?
increase the calcium in the blood
51
what does thymosins do to its target organs ?
development of the T lymphocytes
52
what does aldosterone do to its target organs ?
increases the absorption of sodium and potassium ions in the blood
53
what does cortisol do to its target organs ?
promotes normal metabolism, relieves stress, repairs tissue
54
what does adrenaline & noradrenaline do to its target organs ?
fight or flight response reinforces sympathetic nervous system
55
what does insulin do to its target organs ?
lowers blood glucose levels
56
what does glucagon do to its target organs ?
increases blood glucose levels
57
what does testosterone do to its target organs ?
matures sperm secondary sex characteristic
58
what does oestrogen do to its target organs ?
regulates menstrual cycle secondary sex characteristics
59
what does progesterone do to its target organs ?
regulates menstrual cycle prepares the mammary glands for milk production
60
what does melatonin do to its target organs ?
affects the sleep patterns
61
what is hormone clearance ?
- hormones must be broken down to stop their effects - usually they are broken down by the liver excreted by the kidneys and urine
62
what characteristic do protein and amines have?
- water soluble - do not enter the cell - attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane - uses secondary messengers - secondary messenger switches an enzyme off and on - fast action as enzymes are already made
63
what characteristic do steroids have?
- fat soluble - enter the cell - attaches to a receptor in the cytosol - does not have secondary messengers - activates genes to produce new enzymes via protein synthesis - slow action as enzymes have to be made
64
what hormones are released from the thyroid ?
thyroxine calcitonin
65
what hormones are released from the parathyroid ?
parathyroid hormone
66
what hormones are released from the thymus ?
thymosins
67
what hormones are released from the adrenal cortex ?
Corticosteroids including - aldosterone - cortisol
68
what hormones are released from the adrenal medulla ?
adrenaline & nor adrenaline
69
what hormones are released from the pancreas ?
insulin glucagon
70
what hormones are released from the testes ?
Testosterone
71
what hormones are released from the ovaries ?
oestrogen progesterone
72
what hormones are released from the pineal ?
Melatonin
73
how are hormones released from the pituitary gland ?
they use releasing factors eg FSH releasing factor
74
If too much of the anterior lobe hormones are detected in the blood how is the releasing of the hormone stopped ?
the hypothalamus just stops sending releasing factors and it stops
75
If too much of the posterior lobe hormones are detected in the blood how is the releasing of the hormone stopped ?
it sends inhibitor factors eg oxytocin inhibitor factor
76
Function of T3 and T4 ?
increases metabolic rate by breaking large molecules and releasing energy increases respiratory rate influence mood and behaviour

Human biology (15 decks)

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