EVIDENCE - Ethnicity Flashcards
1
Q
─·WORK AND EMPLOYMENT 1
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- Those in employment (men) = 57% Pakistani, 54% Bangladeshi, 53% in low skilled jobs. (Office National Statistics)
- among 16 to 24 year olds, the employment rate was highest in the white British ethnic group (58%), and lowest in the ‘other’ (29%) and combined Pakistani and Bangladeshi (35%) ethnic groups (Gov UK 2023)
- 13.2% of black workers and 12.4% of workers from the white other ethnic group were in ‘elementary’ jobs – the least skilled type of occupation (Gov UK 2022)
- Highest rates of unemployment for women = 64% Arab, 61% Bangladeshi, 60% Pakistani, 60% Gypsy (Office National Statistics)
2
Q
WORK AND EMPLOYMENT 2
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3
Q
INCOME AND WEALTH
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- Nearly half (47%) of people from the Pakistani ethnic group lived in households that were in the bottom fifth of incomes, compared to 18% of people from a White ethnic group. 37% of people from the Bangladeshi ethnic group and 31% of people from a Black ethnic group were in the bottom fifth.
- Indian households have 90–95p for every £1 of White British wealth, Pakistani households have around 50p, Black Caribbean around 20p, and Black African and Bangladeshi approximately 10p (The runnymede trust)
- (OFS) Median total wealth for all households in Uk was £286,600 between April 2016 and March 2018, The median wealth for White British households was £314,000, while it was only £34,000 for Black African households
4
Q
POVERTY
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- Health Equity in England- in 2018, 50% of all Bangladeshis and 46% of all Pakistanis were in the most deprived fifth of the population after meeting housing costs, compared with 20% of all white British people
- 2020, Social Metrics Commission- found that nearly half of all people living in families where the household head was Black/African/Caribbean/Black British were in poverty, compared to just under one in five of those living in families where the head of household was White
- 2022, Runnymede Trust- found that BME people are 2.5 times more likely to be in relative poverty
- 2022, Runnymede Trust- Black households were five times more likely to struggle paying energy bills
5
Q
SOCIAL MOBILITY
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- Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission: report from 2016, a child from a disadvantaged background in the UK has only a 15% chance of reaching a higher socioeconomic status in adulthood, while the chances are considerably lower for BAME children from similar backgrounds.
- Only 14% of Black African and 16% of Pakistani children from disadvantaged backgrounds reach higher social classes as adults, compared to 32% of white British children from similar backgrounds. (children from ethnic minority backgrounds are more likely to experience lower levels of social mobility compared to their white peers) - (Social Mobility Commissions report 2019)
- According to the IFS, children from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds are less likely to move into professional occupations compared to white British children, with only 17% of Pakistani and 13% of Bangladeshi men in professional jobs at age 30, compared to 30% of white British men. (IFS)
6
Q
HEALTH
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- 20% of Black and minority ethnic individuals reported experiencing discrimination when accessing healthcare (NHS digital report 2021)
- A report indicated that Black people are four times more likely to be sectioned (under the mental health act) than White people (Mental Health Foundation, 2018).
- Compared with the white group, the rate of women dying in the UK in 2018–20 during pregnancy or up to 6 weeks after the end of their pregnancy was 3.7 times higher in the Black group, and 1.7 times higher in the Asian group - King’s Fund
- The life expectancy for Black Caribbean men was about 78.5 years, compared to 80.6 years for White British men (ONS, 2020).
- Six times higher risk of South Asian groups developing diabetes than white group
7
Q
EDUCATION
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- Students from Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds in the UK tend to achieve higher levels of academic qualifications compared to their White peers. (The 2020 GCSE results indicated that 70.4% of Black students and 72.4% of Asian students achieved a standard pass in English and Maths, compared to 64.6% of White students.)
- According to the Department for Education (DfE) data for 2022, around 34% of pupils in England identify as from a minority ethnic background, with significant representation from Indian, Pakistani, Black African, and Bangladeshi communities.
- Data from the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) shows that in 2020/21, 28% of full-time first-degree students in UK universities were from BAME backgrounds, reflecting an increase from previous years.
- A 2021 report from the Equality and Human Rights Commission indicated that BAME graduates often experience a higher unemployment rate compared to their White counterparts, highlighting disparities in labour market outcomes post-education.
8
Q
Functionalist arguments on ethnic inequalities
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Functionalists view ethnic inequality as a temporary and functional aspect of society, where different ethnic groups occupy distinct roles that contribute to social stability, with the expectation that inequalities will diminish over time as assimilation occurs.
- For Indian people, the employment rate was 74%, which is almost the same with the national average. - ONS
- In the UK, research on the labour market indicates that certain ethnic groups tend to fill specific types of jobs. For example, Black African and Pakistani groups often work in lower-wage sectors like hospitality, cleaning, or transportation, while Indian and Chinese groups are more likely to occupy professional or managerial roles. - ONS
- Chinese pupils have some of the highest GCSE and A-Level results, consistently surpassing White British pupils. Around 81% of Chinese students achieved five GCSEs at grade C or above. - DfE
9
Q
The New Right arguments on ethnic inequality
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The New Right perspective on ethnic inequalities suggests that these inequalities are due to cultural differences and behavioural choices within ethnic groups, rather than discrimination, and that less government support is needed to fix them.
- Chinese and Indian pupils tend to outperform the national average, with Chinese students having some of the highest GCSE results.
In contrast, Black Caribbean and Pakistani students often perform lower in academic tests compared to White British students. (choice of how to perform - cultural values not discrimination) - DfE 2022 - Around 60% of Black Caribbean families are headed by a single parent, compared to 25% of White British families. (NR links single parenthood with negative outcomes. this contributes instead of discrimination) - ONS
- The proportion of those on the matrix (gangs) who were Black/African Caribbean was 80%, and BAME was 88% - Metropolitican police
10
Q
Black feminist arguements on ethnic inequality
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Black feminists argue that ethnic inequalities are shaped by both racism and sexism, meaning that Black women face a unique kind of discrimination that combines racial and gender-based oppression.
- Black African women earn 21% less per hour than White British women. - ONS
- Black women experience an unemployment rate of 9.6%, compared to White British women at 4.6%. - ONS
- Black Caribbean girls are 3 times more likely to be excluded from school than White British girls. - DfE
11
Q
Marxist arguements on ethnic inequality
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Ethnic minorities are often kept in low-paying jobs to benefit the rich. These inequalities help divide workers, making it easier for the powerful to control them and keep the system of capitalism going.
- White British workers earn a median hourly wage of £13.03.
Black African workers earn a median hourly wage of £11.25 (a gap of approximately 13.7%). - (ONS) - The Black Caribbean unemployment rate is 11.7%, while the White British unemployment rate is 4.6%. - ONS
12
Q
Interactionist arguements on ethnic inequality
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Everyday interactions and social processes, such as prejudice, stereotypes, and labelling, contribute to the reinforcement of ethnic inequalities by shaping individuals’ perceptions and behaviours.
- Black people are four times more likely to be stopped and searched by police than White people - UK Ministry of Justice statistics 2023
- Black people make up 13% of the male prison population in the UK, despite representing only 3% of the total population. -MOJ report
- Black people were twice as likely to die from COVID-19 than White people, which reflects broader health inequalities that have been linked to systemic discrimination, including in healthcare interactions. - ONS
- 43% of Black British students reporting that they feel they are judged more harshly based on their ethnicity during recruitment processes. - The social mobility foundation
13
Q
Postmodernist arguments on ethnic inequality
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see ethnic inequalities as socially created and changeable, shaped by different identities, power, and shifting social ideas, rather than being fixed or caused by one single factor. multicultural
- mosques that celebrate multiculturism -(eg, the baitul futuh mosque in London)
- 46.2% in london identify with BAME
14
Q
Webarian arguments on ethnic inequality
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15
Q
AO3 evidence against functionalist arguements
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- White British workers earn a median hourly wage of £13.03.
Black African workers earn a median hourly wage of £11.25 (a gap of approximately 13.7%). - (ONS) - The Black Caribbean unemployment rate is 11.7%, while the White British unemployment rate is 4.6%. - ONS
