Evidence Based Practice and Other Remedies for Bias Flashcards
What is skepticism?
Questioning new information that is presented to you
A need to get more information and going to seek out that information
Not immediately accepting something as true or false
What is critical appraisal?
Checking new information out
Evidence based thinking is waiting to see what the ___ says and embracing your ___
Evidence, doubt
Our ___ suffer from bias
Perceptions
What is inductive reasoning?
Drawing a conclusion from our observations
Systematic, based on patterns observed in the real physical world and using those to understand or find truth
Inductive reasoning is based on ___ which is susceptible to ___
Perception, bias
Induction uses ___ processing
Bottom-up
Features of induction and bottom-up processing
Type of processing involved in clinical practice
Trial and error learning
Identify patterns
Dynamic and difficult to describe/quantify/measure
Induction is a way of generating ideas based on our ____ which are prone to ____
Observations, bias and can be flawed
Deductive reasoning uses ___ processing
Top-down
What is involved in the process of deductive reasoning and top-down processing?
Have an idea, make observations, make a prediction and test if it is true
Used by researchers in science
Features of top-down processing
Come up with hypothesis > experiment/tool
Development > Results & Conclusions
What is the scientific method?
Method used to test predictions
1. Define a novel question
2. Develop hypotheses
3. Collect & analyze data
4. Draw conclusions
The improvement and refinement of deductive reasoning (scientific method) lead to the development of
Randomized control trials
What does within subjects mean?
Everyone gets the same treatment
What does between subjects mean?
Everyone gets different treatments
What was the evolution of RCTs?
Blinding
Random sampling and group assignment
RCTs as the “gold standard”
Consort
What does significance mean?
Consistency of the result, to what degree can I be sure that the result did not occur due to chance, the result actually happened
What is effect size?
Practical significance, did that result make a meaningful change in the participant’s life?, what is the magnitude of the change or difference
During the 1990’s and 2000’s, deductive reasoning was treated as the best and it was deemed that there was no other reasoning. Why is this a flawed perspective?
Overemphasis on significance over effect size (did the results matter to the participants)
Positive publication bias
Loss of clinician-research due to increased pressure to “specialize”
Increasing basic research over clinical research
Outright dismissal of inductive (clinical processes) and separation of research (best) from clinicians (flawed)
Unblinded peer review
What is evidence-based practice?
Conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care
Sees evidence that you collect as a clinician as valid and highly skilled
What are challenges that SLPs face if they only rely on deductive reasoning?
Limited intervention research or implementation science
Limited external validity
Limited methodological description that allows for translation
Limited time/resources for clinicians to translate & adopt research
Long uptake to influence policy
Confusion about the EBP model and what constitutes “evidence”
What is inductive (clinical evidence)?
Reflecting on your own expertise and the collection and analysis of data in clinical practice
Basing decisions on ___ sources is better than basing information on one source even if that source is ____
More, research
In this class, we are going to use both __ and ___ as part of a balanced approach to EBP
Induction
Deduction
