Evidence Based Practice and Other Remedies for Bias

Question 1

What is skepticism?

Answer 1

Questioning new information that is presented to you
A need to get more information and going to seek out that information
Not immediately accepting something as true or false

Question 2

What is critical appraisal?

Answer 2

Checking new information out

Question 3

Evidence based thinking is waiting to see what the ___ says and embracing your ___

Answer 3

Evidence, doubt

Question 4

Our ___ suffer from bias

Answer 4

Perceptions

Question 5

What is inductive reasoning?

Answer 5

Drawing a conclusion from our observations
Systematic, based on patterns observed in the real physical world and using those to understand or find truth

Question 6

Inductive reasoning is based on ___ which is susceptible to ___

Answer 6

Perception, bias

Question 7

Induction uses ___ processing

Answer 7

Bottom-up

Question 8

Features of induction and bottom-up processing

Answer 8

Type of processing involved in clinical practice
Trial and error learning
Identify patterns
Dynamic and difficult to describe/quantify/measure

Question 9

Induction is a way of generating ideas based on our ____ which are prone to ____

Answer 9

Observations, bias and can be flawed

Question 10

Deductive reasoning uses ___ processing

Answer 10

Top-down

Question 11

What is involved in the process of deductive reasoning and top-down processing?

Answer 11

Have an idea, make observations, make a prediction and test if it is true
Used by researchers in science

Question 12

Features of top-down processing

Answer 12

Come up with hypothesis > experiment/tool
Development > Results & Conclusions

Question 13

What is the scientific method?

Answer 13

Method used to test predictions
1. Define a novel question
2. Develop hypotheses
3. Collect & analyze data
4. Draw conclusions

Question 14

The improvement and refinement of deductive reasoning (scientific method) lead to the development of

Answer 14

Randomized control trials

Question 15

What does within subjects mean?

Answer 15

Everyone gets the same treatment

Question 16

What does between subjects mean?

Answer 16

Everyone gets different treatments

Question 17

What was the evolution of RCTs?

Answer 17

Blinding
Random sampling and group assignment
RCTs as the “gold standard”
Consort

Question 18

What does significance mean?

Answer 18

Consistency of the result, to what degree can I be sure that the result did not occur due to chance, the result actually happened

Question 19

What is effect size?

Answer 19

Practical significance, did that result make a meaningful change in the participant’s life?, what is the magnitude of the change or difference

Question 20

During the 1990’s and 2000’s, deductive reasoning was treated as the best and it was deemed that there was no other reasoning. Why is this a flawed perspective?

Answer 20

Overemphasis on significance over effect size (did the results matter to the participants)
Positive publication bias
Loss of clinician-research due to increased pressure to “specialize”
Increasing basic research over clinical research
Outright dismissal of inductive (clinical processes) and separation of research (best) from clinicians (flawed)
Unblinded peer review

Question 21

What is evidence-based practice?

Answer 21

Conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care
Sees evidence that you collect as a clinician as valid and highly skilled

Question 22

What are challenges that SLPs face if they only rely on deductive reasoning?

Answer 22

Limited intervention research or implementation science
Limited external validity
Limited methodological description that allows for translation
Limited time/resources for clinicians to translate & adopt research
Long uptake to influence policy
Confusion about the EBP model and what constitutes “evidence”

Question 23

What is inductive (clinical evidence)?

Answer 23

Reflecting on your own expertise and the collection and analysis of data in clinical practice

Question 24

Basing decisions on ___ sources is better than basing information on one source even if that source is ____

Answer 24

More, research

Question 25

In this class, we are going to use both __ and ___ as part of a balanced approach to EBP

Answer 25

Induction
Deduction