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Anatomy&Phys 1 > Everything up to Exam 1 > Flashcards

Everything up to Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which PLANE divides your body into LEFT and RIGHT sections?

A

Sagittal Plane

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2
Q

There are TWO major divisions of the body, what are they?

A

Axial (Head, Neck, Trunk)
Appendicular (Limbs)

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3
Q

Orbital, Umbilical, Sternal, Acromial are all examples of what kind of terms?

A

Regional Terms

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4
Q

Towards the head; above

A

Superior (Cranial)

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5
Q

Which PLANE divides your body into UPPER and LOWER sections?

A

Transverse Plane

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6
Q

What is Standard Anatomical Position?

A

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward

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7
Q

Towards/at the front; in front of

A

Anterior (Ventral)

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8
Q

What are the 12 body systems?

A

Integumentary, Muscle, Skeletal, Nervous, Endocrine, Urinary, Reproductive, Digestive, Respiratory, Lymphatic, Immune, Cardiovascular (Circulatory)

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9
Q

What are the 7 Necessary Life Functions?

A

Digestion, Metabolism, Maintaining Boundaries, Responsiveness, Excretion, Reproduction and Growth, Movement

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10
Q

Towards the feet; below

A

Inferior (Caudal)

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11
Q

What am I describing:
Form, locale, and relationship of body parts

A

Anatomy

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12
Q

What am I describing:
How body parts work to carry out “necessary life functions”

A

Physiology

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13
Q

Name the functions:
Integumentary System

A

• Protects deeper tissues (injury, desiccation, infiltration)
• Contributes to vit. D synthesis
• Houses receptors, seat, and oil glands

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14
Q

Name the Functions:
Skeletal System

A

• Protects/Supports organs
• Provides leverage for muscles
• Forms blood cells (hematopoiesis)
• Stores minerals

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15
Q

Name the Functions:
Muscular System

A

• Allows manipulation (environment, locomotion, expression, fluids)
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat

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16
Q

Name the Functions:
Nervous System

A

Fast-acting Coordinator
• Responds to internal/external changes via muscles and glands
• Memory

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17
Q

Name the Functions:
Endocrine System

A

Slower-acting (but enduring) coordinator
• Regulates processes (growth, reproduction, metabolism) via hormones

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18
Q

Name the Functions:
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System

A

• Pumps blood
• Transportation (O², CO², hormones, clotting factors, chemical precursors, urea, antibodies, carrier proteins, bicarbonate, blood cells, enzymes, heat, nutrients

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19
Q

Name the Functions:
Lymphatic System

A

• Pick up/drop off fluid leaked from blood vessels
• Houses lymphocytes

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20
Q

Name the Functions:
Immune System

A

• Disposal (debris, foreign substances, abnormal growth)

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21
Q

Name the Functions:
Respiratory System

A

• Ventilation and respiration
• Supply blood with O², Removal of CO²
• pH balance
• Thermoregulation
• Speech

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22
Q

Name the Functions:
Digestive System

A

• Breaks down food to be absorbed
• Eliminates indigestables as feces

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23
Q

What type of epithelium is SEROSAE?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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24
Q

What are the nutrient monomers?

A

(Protein)
Amino Acids

(Carbohydrate)
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

(Lipids)
Fatty Acids, Glycerol

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25
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

The breakdown of molecules

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26
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

The synthesis (production) of molecules

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27
Q

What are the 6 “Survival Needs”?
(need to be able to access)

A

• Nutrients
• Water
• Oxygen
• Appropriate amounts
• Appropriate atmospheric pressure
• Normal body temperature

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28
Q

What happens when your body temperature is too low?

A

Metabolic reactions are too slow

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29
Q

What happens when your body temperature is too HIGH?

A

Denaturation (modification) of proteins and DNA

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30
Q

How do you spell the name of the capillary bed in the Renal Corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus

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31
Q

The Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubule make up a…?

A

Nephron

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32
Q

Ammonia and Urea are both…?

A

Nitrogenous wastes

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33
Q

Explain: Protein -> Ammonia -> Urea

A

In the stomach, when protein gets digested, it produces ammonia.
The ammonia is absorbed into the blood and carried to the liver.
There, most of the ammonia is converted into urea with ATP.
The urea re-enters the blood and is carried to the kidneys and enters the nephrons.

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34
Q

Who are the 4 Effectors?

A

Glands, Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle

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35
Q

What gets carried by the blood?

A

O², CO², hormones, clotting factors, chem. precursors, urea, antibodies, carrier proteins, bicarbonate, blood cells, enzymes, heat, and nutrients (amino acids, glucose, fructose, galactose, glycerol, fatty acids)

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36
Q

Word for INTERNAL ORGANS

A

Viscera

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37
Q

Toward/At the back; behind

A

Posterior (Dorsal)

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38
Q

Toward/At the midline; on the inner side of

A

Medial

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39
Q

Away from the midline; on the outer side of

A

Lateral

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40
Q

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

A

Intermediate

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41
Q

Closer to point of origin/attachment

A

Proximal

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42
Q

Farther from point of origin/attachment

A

Distal

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43
Q

Toward/At the body surface

A

Superficial (external)

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44
Q

Away from the body surface; more internal

A

Deep (internal)

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45
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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46
Q

How many types of tissue does an organ have?

A

At LEAST two

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47
Q

What is the regional term for FOREHEAD?

A

Frontal

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48
Q

What is the word for no blood cells?

A

Avascular

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49
Q

Word for ‘supplied by nerve fibers’

A

Innervated

50
Q

4 main classes of connective tissue

A

• Connective tissue proper
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood

51
Q

Name the different fibers in order of thinnest to thickest

A

Reticular -> Elastic -> Collagen

52
Q

All connective tissue is classed as connective tissue proper except…?

A

Cartilage, bone, blood

53
Q

What are the 2 subclasses of connective tissue proper?

A

• Loose Connective Tissue
- Adipose
- Areolar
- Reticular
• Dense Connective Tissue (Fibrous)
- Regular
- Irregular
- Elastic

54
Q

Where can you find Hyaline Cartilage?

A

• Most of embryonic skeleton
• Covers ends of long bones in joint cavities
• Costal cartilages (ribs)
• Cartilages of nose, trachea, larynx

55
Q

Which tissue looks like nerds in Jello?
What are it’s functions?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

Supports/reinforces, serves as resilient cushion, resists compressive stress

56
Q

Which tissue looks like hairy nerds in Jello?
What are it’s functions?

A

Elastic Cartilage

Maintains shape of structure while allowing great flexibility

57
Q

Which tissue looks like cotton candy?
What are it’s functions?

A

Fibrocartilage

Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock

58
Q

Where can you find Elastic cartilage?

A

• Ears (pinnae)
• Epiglottis

59
Q

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

A

• Intervertebral discs
• Pubic symphysis
• knee joint discs

60
Q

What is Mesoderm?
What is it also called?

A

Also called Mesenchyme, it is the embryonic origin of connective tissue.

61
Q

What are the 3 distinguishing characteristics of CONNECTIVE tissue?

A

• mesoderm
• varying degrees of vascularity
• cells suspended/embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM)

62
Q

What are the 3 main elements of connective tissue?
One or more of these elements is the main component(s) of…?

A

• ground substance
• fibers
• cells

GROUND SUBSTANCE and FIBERS are the main components of an extracellular matrix

63
Q

What is the regional term for EYES?

A

Orbital

64
Q

What is the regional term for NOSE?

A

Nasal

65
Q

What is the regional term for CHIN?

A

Mental

66
Q

What is the regional term for NECK?

A

Cervical

67
Q

What is the regional term for BACK OF HEAD?

A

Occipital

68
Q

What is the regional term for HEAD?

A

Cephalic

69
Q

What is the regional term for SPINE?

A

Vertebral

70
Q

What is the regional term for CHEST?

A

Thoracic

71
Q

What is the regional term for SHOULDER?

A

Acromial

72
Q

What is the regional term for ARM?

A

Brachial

73
Q

What is the regional term for ARMPIT?

A

Axillary

74
Q

What is the regional term for ANTERIOR ELBOW?

A

Antecubital

75
Q

What is the regional term for FOREARM?

A

Antebrachial

76
Q

What is the regional term for HAND?

A

Manus; Metacarpal

77
Q

What is the regional term for PALM?

A

Palmar

78
Q

What is the regional term for FINGERS/TOES?

A

Digital

79
Q

What is the regional term for THUMB? BIG TOE?

A

Thumb — Pollex
Big Toe — Hallux

80
Q

What is the regional term for NAVEL?

A

Umbilical

81
Q

What is the regional term for MOUTH

A

Oral

82
Q

What is the regional term for STERNUM?

A

Sternal

83
Q

What is the regional term for BELLY

A

Abdominal

84
Q

What is the regional term for GROIN? (not genitals)

A

Inguinal

85
Q

What is the regional term for GENITALS? (not groin)

A

Pubic

86
Q

What is the regional term for WRIST?

A

Carpal

87
Q

What is the regional term for HIP?

A

Coxal

88
Q

What is the regional term for THIGH?

A

Femoral

89
Q

What is the regional term for KNEE?

A

Patellar

90
Q

What is the regional term for SHIN?

A

Crural

91
Q

What is the regional term for LATERAL LOWER LEG?

A

Fibular

92
Q

What is the regional term for ANKLE?

A

Tarsal

93
Q

What is the regional term for FOOT?

A

Pedal; Metatarsal

94
Q

What is the regional term for ELBOW?

A

Olecranal

95
Q

What is the regional term for EAR?

A

Otic

96
Q

What is the regional term for POSTERIOR KNEE?

A

Popliteal

97
Q

What is the regional term for CALF?

A

Sural

98
Q

What is the regional term for area INTERMEDIATE GENITAL AND ANUS

A

Perineal

99
Q

What is the regional term for HEEL?

A

Calcaneal

100
Q

What is the regional term for BOTTOM OF FOOT?

A

Plantar

101
Q

What is the regional term for BUTT?

A

Gluteal

102
Q

What is the regional term for TAILBONE?

A

Sacral

103
Q

What is the regional term for LOWER BACK?

A

Lumbar

104
Q

What is the regional term for WINGBONE?

A

Scapular

105
Q

How do you prepare tissue to be viewed under a microscope?

A

1.) Preserve in solvent
2.) Cut in slices thin enough to transmit light
3.) Stain for contrast

106
Q

What are the components of GROUND SUBSTANCE?

A

• interstitial fluid
• cell adhesion proteins
• proteoglycans

107
Q

What do GAGs* do?

*glycosaminoglycans

A

Helps ground substance trap more water

108
Q

Function of Collagen fibers? Elastic? Reticular?

A

Collagen - strength
Elastic - stretch
Reticular- stretch

109
Q

-blast vs -cyte cells

A

-blast cells are immature; actively secrete ground substance and fibers (creates)

-cyte cells are former -blast cells; mature, less active; part of/help maintain health of ECM (maintains)

110
Q

What are adipocytes and what do they do?

A

Fat cells, they store nutrients

111
Q

Serosae always comes in …. (#?)

What are the different types?
What do each cover?
What’s in between layers?

A

Serosae always comes in 2s!

PARIETAL serosae lines internal body cavity walls (aka: lines the coela)
VISCERAL serosae covers internal organs

SEROUS FLUID is between the layers

112
Q

What type of epithelium is MUCOSAE?

A

• simple columnar epithelium
• non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• pseudostratified columnar epithelium

113
Q

Connective tissue doesnt regenerate like epithelia, explain what happens if CONNECTIVE TISSUE is lost

A

Fibrosis – connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, original function is lost.

114
Q

What are the steps of tissue repair?
Describe each?

A

1.) Inflammation sets (minimize blood loss)
– bleeding
– local blood vessels dilate
– inflammatory chemicals released
– clotting

2.) Restores blood supply
– clot -> granulation tissue (RESTORES vascular supply)
– macrophages PHAGOCYTIZE dead/dying cells and other debris
– fibroblasts produce collagen fibers (fibrous BRIDGE)
– surface epithelial cells MULTIPLY//MIGRATE over granulation tissue

3.) Regeneration/Fibrosis
– scab detaches; fibrosed area matures and contracts; epithelium thickens
– fully regenerated epithelium

115
Q

Which tissues have no regeneration capacity?

A

• Cardiac muscle
• Nervous tissue (in CNS)

116
Q

What tissue makes up the subcutaneous layer?

A

Mostly adipose tissue (absorbs shock, insulates)

117
Q

What are the lines on your hands called?

A

Flexure lines

118
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands? What’s to know about them?

A

ECCRINE: merocrine, smaller, far more numerous, functional at birth

APOCRINE: merocrine, larger, present at birth/functional at puberty

119
Q

What are the TWO types of sweat glands and where do they attach?

A

Eccrine sweat glands derive from the surface

Apocrine sweat glands derive from the hair follicle

120
Q

How many coela can you name?
Hint: there’s 11

A

Coela (body cavities)
Ventral, Dorsal, Cranial, Vertebral, Thoracic, Pericardial, Pleural, Superior mediastinum, Abdominal, Pelvic, Abdomino-pelvic

121
Q

How many BENEFITS of coela can you name?
There’s 12 possible

A

Barrier defense
Buoyancy
Hydrostatic support/shape
Insulation
Leverage
Maintaining distinct environments
Reduce frinction between adjacent organs, Room for developing offspring
Room for gamete storage
Room for food storage
Room for development of organs in an embryo
Shock absorption

122
Q

Why is it necessary to spend so much energy on homeostasis?

A

1.) The environment is constantly changing
2.) We continuously lose energy in the form of heat

Anatomy&Phys 1 (3 decks)

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