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Anatomy&Phys 1 > Everything for Exam 2 > Flashcards

Everything for Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many markings of the SPHENOID bone can you name? There’s 12

A

Body
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Sella turcica
Hypophyseal fossa
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Pterygoid process
Optic canal
Superior optical..
….
….

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2
Q

How many markings of the ETHMOID bone can you name? There’s 9

A

Body
Superior nasal concha
Middle Nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Cribriform foramina
….
…..

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3
Q

How many bones?

A

206

(Newborns have ~300)

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4
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

• Structural support
• Protection
• Leverage (for movement)
• Store minerals (mostly Ca+, P)
• Hematopoiesis (in red bone marrow)
• Store triglycerides (in yellow bone marrow)
• Produce osteocalcin (Regulates glucose and energy expenditure)

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5
Q

Cartilage grows in how many ways? What are they?

A

2 ways:
• appositional (external)
• interstitial growth (within)

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6
Q

Explain what happens to red/yellow bone marrow as you grow older

A

When you’re little, you have more red to yellow marrow.

When you’re older, you have a lot more yellow marrow and the red marrow is at the ends of long bones.

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7
Q

Calcified cartilage is?

A

NOT BONE

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8
Q

Skeletal cartilage is the same as…?

A

Hyaline template

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9
Q

Perichondrium -> vascularity?

A

VASCULARIZED

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10
Q

Cartilage -> vascularity? Innervation?

A

NOT vascularized!
NOT innervated!

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11
Q

Chondrocytes are encased in…?

A

Lacunae within ECM

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12
Q

Name all the LONG bones.

A

• Limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, femor, tibia, fibula)
• metacarpals, metatarsals
• phalanges
• clavicles

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13
Q

Name all the SHORT bones.

A

• Patella
• Carpal, Tarsal

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14
Q

Name all the FLAT bones.

A

• Sternum
• Ribs
• Scapulae
• Frontal, Parietal, Occipital

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15
Q

Name all the IRREGULAR bones.

A

• Vertebrae
• Hips
• Facial bones (zygomatic, maxilla, mandible)
• Temporal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid
• Hyoid

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16
Q

Gross vs Microscopic vs Chemical

A

Gross - visible to the nakedness eye; large-scale
Microscopic - visible w/scope; usually cells
Chemical - chemical compounds

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17
Q

Gross vs Microscopic vs Chemical

A

Gross - visible to the nakedness eye; large-scale
Microscopic - visible w/scope; usually cells
Chemical - chemical compounds

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18
Q

2 major types of bone tissue?

A

• Compact bone (ft. osteons)
• Spongy bone (ft. trabeculae)

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19
Q

2 major types of bone tissue?

A

• Compact bone (ft. osteons)
• Spongy bone (ft. trabeculae)

20
Q

What’s at the center of an osteon? What’s it there for?

A

Central canal - where nerve endings/blood vessels traverse

21
Q

What fills the spaces of spongy bone?

A

Red/Yellow bone marrow

22
Q

What bone ft swiss cheese crackers?
(Aka compact bone around spongy bone)

A

All but long bones.

23
Q

What is at the center of long bones?

A

Medullary cavity

24
Q

The length of a long bone is called…?

A

Diaphysis

25
Q

The end of a long bone is called…?

A

Epiphysis (plural = epiphyses

26
Q

Articulating surfaces (aka joints) ft what??

A

Hyaline cartilage

27
Q

Explain the line where diaphysis and epiphysis meet.

A

Before bone is done lengthening:
epiphyseal/growth plate ((hyaline cartilage))

When bone is done lengthening:
epiphyseal line ((compact bone))

28
Q

Explain the line where diaphysis and epiphysis meet.

A

Before bone is done lengthening:
epiphyseal/growth plate ((hyaline cartilage))

When bone is done lengthening:
epiphyseal line ((compact bone))

29
Q

2 types of Ossification?

A

• Endochondral Ossification
• Intramembranous Ossification

30
Q

Closed (ossified) sutures are called…?

A

Synostoses (plural) // synostosis (singular)

31
Q

The degree of movement in a joint depends on…?

A

The length of the fibers

32
Q

What are syndesmoses?

A

Bones connected by ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue

ie: connecting tibia -> fibula, ulna -> radius

33
Q

What are gomphoses?

A

Short periodontal ligament that holds tooth in its socket

34
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints?

A

1.) Synchondroses
[hyaline cartilage; ie: epiphyseal plate]

2.) Symphyses
[fibrocartilage; ie: intervertebral discs, pubic
symphysis]

35
Q

What are features of synovial joints?

A

• fluid-filled cavity
• diarthrotic
• most joints (almost all limbs)
• associated w/bursae and tendon sheaths
• 6 guaranteed general features

36
Q

6 “general features” of synovial joints?

A

1.) Articular cartilage // hyaline
2.) Cavity
3.) Articular capsule // 2 layers thick (external fibrous layer; internal synovial membrane)
4.) Synovial fluid
5.) Reinforcing ligaments // Capsular (thickened part of fibrous layer), Extracapsular, Intracapsular
6.) Nerves & Blood vessels

37
Q

What are some extra features some synovial joints have?

A

• FATTY PADS (ie: hip, patella)
- cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone

• MENISCI (ie: patella, jaw)
- discs/wedges of fibrocartilage
- improves fit of bone ends, stabilize joint, minimize wear/tear

38
Q

What is a bursa?

A

Flattened sac lined w/synovial membrane and thin film of synovial fluid

  • reduces friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
39
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

Elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

ie: wrist

40
Q

What are the classifications of joints?

A

1.) Structural
- fibrous
• sutures –> ‘synOSTOses’ once ossified
• synDESMOses
• gomphoses
- cartilaginous
• synCHONDROses
• symPHYses
- synovial

2.) Functional
- synARTHROses // immovable
- amphiARTHROses // slightly moveable
- diARTHROses // freely movable

41
Q

6 types of joints?

A

1.) PLANE joint: intercarpal, intertarsal, intervertebral
2.) HINGE joint: elbow, interphalangeal, atlas and occipital condyles
3.) PIVOT joint: proximal radioulnar, atlantoaxial
4.) CONDYLAR joint: metacarpophalangeal [knuckle], wrist
5.) SADDLE joint: carpometacarpal of thumbs
6.) BALL-AND-SOCKET joint: shoulder, hip

42
Q

What are the steps of the cross bridge cycle?

A

1.) Myosin (w/ADP and Phosphate group) binds to Actin
2.) Myosin “rakes” Actin (w/ energy from ADP and Pı release)
3.) ADP + Pı = ATP, which binds to Myosin and signals Myosin to detach from Actin
4.) ATP splits back into ADP and Pı

43
Q

Load > Muscle tension

A

Isometric Contraction

44
Q

Muscle tension > Load

A

Isotonic Contraction

45
Q

What are the layers of smooth muscle?

A

Longitudinal layer & Circular layer

46
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Wave-like contractions (think 1-2-3-4)

ie: esophagus, stomach, small intestine

Anatomy&Phys 1 (3 decks)

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