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Anatomy&Phys 1 > Everything for Exam 3 > Flashcards

Everything for Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Lay out the impulse pathway

A

Sensory (input) —>
PNS —> (via sensory pathway [afferent])
CNS —> (via motor pathway [efferent])
Motor (output) —> Autonomic (involuntary muscles and glands) OR Somatic (skeletal muscle)
Autonomic —> Parasympathetic OR Sympathetic

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2
Q

What are the organs of the CNS?

A

• Brain (cerebellum, cerebrum)
• Brainstem
• Spinal cord

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3
Q

Is pupil DILATION parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

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4
Q

Autonomic & Somatic
vs
Parasympathetic & Sympathetic

What can one pair do and the other can’t?

A

Autonomic & Somatic can happen simultaneously

Parasympathetic & Sympathetic have opposite effects

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5
Q

What is a Soma?

A

Cell body; head of neuron

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6
Q

What are the parts of a neuron from receptive to sensory?

A

Dendrites, Soma, Axon hillock, Axon, Terminal branches, Axon terminals

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7
Q

In the PNS, what is a clump of cell bodies called?

A

A Ganglion (ganglia)

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8
Q

In the PNS, what is a clump of axons called?

A

Nerves

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9
Q

In the CNS, what is a clump of cell bodies called?

A

A Nucleus (nuclei)

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10
Q

In the CNS, what is a clump of axons called?

A

A Tract

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11
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Mainly consists of nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

3 overlapping functions of the nervous system?

A

1.) Sensory input
2.) Integration (brain)
3.) Motor output

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13
Q

What are the 2 principal parts of the nervous system?

A

CNS & PNS

(Central; Peripheral)

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14
Q

2 types of nerves?

A

Cranial, Spinal

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15
Q

2 divisions of sensory?

A

• Somatic (skin, joint, skeletal muscle)
• Visceral sensory fibers (visceral organs)

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16
Q

2 divisions of motor?

A

Autonomic, Somatic

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17
Q

2 major nervous cell types?

A

• Neuroglia (glial cells)
• Neurons (nerve cells)

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglia?

A

Astrocytes, Microglial cells, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

Astrocytes cling to…?

A

Neurons, Synaptic endings, Capillaries.

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20
Q

Which neuroglia is the most abundant?

A

Astrocytes?

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21
Q

What are the 6 functions of astrocytes?

A

• Support/brace neurons
• Plays roll in exchanges between capillaries and neurons (makes sure neurons get nutrients)
• Guide migration of young neurons
• Control chemical environment around neurons
• Respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
• Plays role w/information processing in brain.

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22
Q

Microglial cells have
______ _________ that touch and monitor ______

A

Microglial cells have thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons

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23
Q

Microglial cells migrate towards…?

A

Injured neurons

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24
Q

Microglial cells can transform into…?

A

Phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

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25
Q

Describe microglial cells in 2 words

A

Immune defense

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26
Q

What is the appearance of ependymal cells?

A

Range from squamous -> columnar

Typically ciliated

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27
Q

What do ependymal cells do and where can you find them?

A

Create and secrete cerebrospinal fluid continuously

Lining central cavities of the brain and spinal column

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28
Q

Oligodendrocytes have processes that form…?

A

Myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS?

A

• Satellite cells
• Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)

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30
Q

Describe satellite cells?

A

They surround soma in the PNS and function similarly to Astrocytes.

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31
Q

Describe Schwann cells

A

They surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers. (Similar function to oligodendrocytes)

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32
Q

Schwann cells are vital for…?

A

Regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

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33
Q

Cells of the CNS are unable to be regenerated. What about in the PNS?

A

Yes, cells of the PNS can be repaired as long as the Soma is not damaged.

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34
Q

Projections of Soma are…?

A

Either dendrites or an axon

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35
Q

Dendrites feature…?

A

Neurotransmitter receptors

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36
Q

Graded potential gets translated into what where?

A

Into action potential at the axon hillock

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37
Q

Spaces in the myelin sheath are called…?

A

Myelin sheath gaps
or
Nodes of Ranvier

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38
Q

Myelin is a blend of…?

A

Protein-lipid blend

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39
Q

What do Myelin sheaths do?

A

Insulate axon, Hasten nerve impulse transmission

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40
Q

Referring to myelination: the longer the axon, the what…?

A

The longer the axon, the more likely the axon is myelinated

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41
Q

Nonmyelinated fibers conduct impulses…?

A

Slower

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42
Q

Each oligodendrocyte can wrap how many axons?

A

Up to 60 at once

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43
Q

Referring to myelination: White matter vs Grey matter

A

White matter (myelinated)
Grey matter (unmyelinated)

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44
Q

What are the structural classifications of the neurons?

A

• Multipolar: 3+ processes (1 axon, other dendrites) MOST COMMON
- Interneurons, motor neurons

• Bipolar: 2 processed (1 axon, 1 dendrite) RARE
- Special sensory neurons

• Unipolar: 1 T-like process (2 axons)
- Sensory neurons

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45
Q

Where are interneurons, and how much of the body is comprised of them?

A

They lie between motor and sensory neurons (most entirely in CNS)

Comprises 99% the body’s neurons

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46
Q

Explain resting membrane potential

A

At rest, each cell will have their predictable concentration of ions.

All cells have a resting membrane potential.

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47
Q

What’s special about neurons’ resting membrane potential?

A

Unlike most other cells, neurons can rapidly change resting membrane potential.

Neurons are highly excitable

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48
Q

What are the types of synaptic junctions?

A

1.) Axodendritic: axon to dendrite
2.) Axosomatic: axon to soma
3.) Axoaxonic: axon to axon [less common]
4.) From neuron to effector cell

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49
Q

What are the parts of a synapse?

A

• Presynaptic neuron
• Postsynaptic neuron

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50
Q

What do we know about Electrical synapses?

A

• joined directly/connected
• gap junctions
• communicate very rapidly
• poorly regulated; not easy to interrupt
• most abundant in cardiac muscle
• is a functional syncytium (comprised of different cells but function as one unit)

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51
Q

In a synapse, what are the different types of receptors a neurotransmitter might bind to?

A

• Ionotropic receptors
(aka: ligand-gated channels)
binds > channel opens > ions flow through

• Metabotropic receptors
(aka: G-protein-coupled receptors)
binds > G-protein activates > G-protein subunits trigger channel to open

52
Q

Which is more abundant?

Ionotropic receptors
OR
Metabotropic receptors

A

Metabotropic Receptors

53
Q

What is the basic pattern found in the CNS?
(gray/white matter things)

A

Central canal, surrounded by gray matter, surrounded by white matter

54
Q

Is gray or white matter myelinated?

A

White matter

55
Q

Parts of the fetus brain at primary vesicles

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

Within: Neural tube (dorsal hollow nerve cord)

56
Q

Parts of the fetus brain at secondary vesicles

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Midbrain, Metencephalon, Myencephalon

57
Q

Secondary vesicles become what part of the brain?

A

Telencephalon —> Cerebrum
Diencephalon —> Epithalamus, Thalamus,
Hypothalamus, Retina
Midbrain —> Midbrain
Metencephalon —> Pons, Cerebellum
Myencephalon —> Medulla Oblongata
Central cavity of Neural tube —> ventricles
Below Myencephalon —> spinal cord

58
Q

Ridges are called..?

A

Gyri (Gyrus)

59
Q

Shallow folds are called…?

A

Sulci (Sulcus)

60
Q

Deep folds are called…?

A

Fissures (fissure)

61
Q

What separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

62
Q

What separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe?

A

Lateral sulcus

63
Q

What are the fissures we need to know?

A

Transverse fissure, Longitudinal fissure

64
Q

What are the fissures we need to know?

A

Transverse fissure, Longitudinal fissure

65
Q

The ridge anterior to the central sulcus is called…?

A

Precentral gyrus

66
Q

The ridge posterior to the central sulcus is called…?

A

Postcentral gyrus

67
Q

What is the central cortex?

A

Crust of gray matter, most superficial part of brain, makes up 40% of brain mass

68
Q

Types of functional areas of cerebral cortex?

A

Motor, sensory, association

69
Q

Explain contralateral

A

The LEFT hemisphere of your brain receives input from the RIGHT side of your body

And vice versa

70
Q

Which side of the brain is the leader of language?

A

Although both sides contribute, the left hemisphere leads

71
Q

What and where are the motor areas?

A

All motor areas (voluntary) are located in the frontal lobe.
• Primary motor cortex
• Premotor cortex
• Broca’s area
• Frontal eye field

72
Q

What cortex is the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

73
Q

What cortex is just anterior to the precentral gyrus?

A

Premotor cortex

74
Q

Where is the frontal eye field?

A

Surrounded by the premotor cortex

75
Q

Premotor cortex vs Primary motor cortex

A

Premotor cortex helps plan movement

Primary motor cortex sends out movement

76
Q

What motor area is Broca’s area?

A

Speech; only in left hemisphere

77
Q

What does each sensory area have?

A

A primary cortex and an association cortex

78
Q

Name all the sensory areas.

A

1.) Primary Somatosensory cortex
2.) Somatosensory Association cortex

3.) Primary Visual cortex
4.) Visual Association cortex

5.) Primary Auditory cortex
6.) Auditory Association cortex

7.) Primary Gustatory cortex
8.) Gustatory Association cortex

9.) Primary Visceral (Sensory) cortex
10.) Visceral (Sensory) Association cortex

11.) Primary Vestibular cortex
12.) Vestibular Association cortex

13.) Primary Olfactory cortex
14.) Olfactory association cortex.

79
Q

What ARE the Sensory areas for?

A

Somatosensory (general — skin, joints)
Visual (sight)
Auditory (hearing)
Gustatory (taste)
Visceral sensory (internal organs)
Vestibular (balance)
Olfactory (smell)

80
Q

What cortex is postcentral gyrus?

A

Primary Somatosensory cortex

81
Q

Your cortexes are located in which lobes?

A

Motor (Frontal)
Somatosensory (Parietal)
Visual (Occipital)
Auditory (Temporal)
Olfactory (Uncus; within Temporal)
Gustatory (Insula)
Visceral sensory (Insula)
Vestibular (Insula)

82
Q

Explain the relationship between primary and association cortex in the sensory areas

A

Primary cortex receives information
—> forwards info to association cortex
—> association compares with past sensory experiences to generate understanding

83
Q

Which cortexes are located in the insular lobes and in which order (anterior to posterior)?

A

Gustatory areas
Visceral sensory areas
Vestibular areas

Gu Vi Ves

84
Q

Multimodal association cortexes.
What are they? Where are they?

A

Multimodal association cortexes receives inputs from multiple sensory areas and sends output to multiple areas

• Anterior association area
– (frontal)
• Posterior association area
– (overlaps temporal, parietal, and occipital)
• Limbic association area
– (

85
Q

Anterior association area is involved in…?

A

• intellect
• cognition
• recall
• personality

86
Q

Posterior association area is involved in…?

A

• Pattern recognition
• Localization (where we are in space)
• Understanding language (Wernicke’s area [Left hemisphere])

87
Q

Limbic association area is involved in…?

Limbic area includes…?

A

Emotional impact

Includes: cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus

88
Q

Each hemisphere’s basal nuclei include…?

A

• caudate nucleus (insula)
• putamen (insula)
• globus pallidus

89
Q

Premotor cortex sends it’s plan to the brain’s “editors” to polish off motor plans. Who are the “editors”?

A

Basal nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus) and Cerebellum

90
Q

What are the 3 cerebral white matter tracts?

A

Myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts:
1.) Association fibers (connects different parts of SAME hemisphere)
2.) Commissural fibers (connects different hemispheres)
3.) Projection fibers (connects hemispheres to lower brain or spinal cord)

91
Q

What does the Thalamus do?

A

Acts as relay station for sensory input.

Fine tunes input.

92
Q

Who does the hypothalamus mostly relay for?

A

Acts as relay station for specifically Olfactory input

93
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

The Infundibulum

94
Q

What are the jobs of the hypothalamus?

A

1.) Regulates autonomic nervous system
2.) Initiates physical responses to emotions
– part of limbic system: perceives pleasure,
fear, rage, biological rhythms, sex drive
3.) Regulates body temperature
– sweating, shivering
4.) Regulates hunger and satiety
5.) Regulates water balance and thirst
6.) Regulates sleep-wake cycles
7.) Controls endocrine system functions
– secretions of pituitary gland, production
of hormones

95
Q

Epithalamus contains…?

A

• Pineal gland
• Posterior Commissure

96
Q

What does the Epithalamus do?

A

Secretes melatonin
(Regulates sleep-wake cycle)

97
Q

Where do you find cranial nerves? How many?

A

In the brainstem

10 (or 12)

98
Q

Midbrain nuclei scattered throughout white matter include…?

A

• Corpora Quadrigemina
– 2 Superior colliculi
– 2 Inferior colliculi
• 2 Substantia nigra
• 2 Red nuclei

99
Q

What do the Superior colliculi do?

A

Visual reflex centers

((coordinate head and eye movements))

100
Q

What do the inferior colliculi do?

A

Auditory relay centers

101
Q

What does Substantia nigra hold? Why?

A

High melanin; precursor for dopamine

102
Q

Which cranial nerves originate in Pons?

A

V (trigeminal)
VI (abducens)
VII (facial)

103
Q

What is a choroid plexus? Where can it be found?

A

A capillary-rich membrane that forms cerebral spinal fluid.

It can be found in ventricles.

104
Q

What are the “pyramids” and what is the “decussation of pyramids”?

A

The pyramids are 2 ventral, longitudinal ridges formed by pyramidal tracts from motor cortex.

The decussation of the pyramids is the point at which the pyramidal tracts crossover to the opposite side of the body.

105
Q

How many centers of the medulla are there?
How many functions?

A

8 centers
8 functions

106
Q

What are the functional centers of the medulla?

A

1.) Sneezing center
2.) Coughing center
3.) Swallowing center
4.) Hiccuping center
5.) Vomiting center
6.) Respiratory center
—> generate rhythm; control rate/depth
7.) Vasomotor center
—> adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood
pressure regulation
8.) Cardiac center
—> adjusts force/rate of heart contraction

107
Q

What has an ipsilateral relationship with the body?

A

Cerebellum (same side, unlike contralateral)

108
Q

What parts of the brain contribute to the limbic system?

A

• Cingulate gyrus
• Amygdaloid body
• Hippocampus
• Fornix
• Hypothalamus

109
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

110
Q

What are the layers of the Dura mater?

A

• Periosteal layer
• Meningeal layer

111
Q

What is dural septa?

What/Where are they?

A

Dura mater invaginates in several areas that form flat partitions that divide cranial cavity. stability

3 main septa:
• Falx cerebri
– in longitudinal fissure/attached to crista galli
• Falx cerebelli
– along vermis of cerebellum
• Tentorium cerebelli
– horizontal dural fold over cerebellum & in
transverse fissure

112
Q

What are the names of the spaces superficial and deep to the arachnoid layer?

A

Superficial —> subdural layer
Deep —> subarachnoid layer

113
Q

The Subarachnoid layer contains protrusions called __________ that protrude into _________

A

Arachnoid granulations that protrude into the Superior saggital sinus

114
Q

Dorsal, Ventral

Which one is Motor and which is Sensory?

A

Dorsal is Sensory

Ventral is Motor

115
Q

Brainstem transitions into spinal cord… where?

Spinal cord then turns into what? Where?

A

Brainstem transitions at Foramen magnum

Foramen magnum transitions to Cauda equina at L¹ or L²

Cauda equina frays into sacral foramina

116
Q

Which way does the spinal cord communicate?

A

2-way communication

117
Q

Spinal cord is a center for…?

What’s special about this?

A

Major reflex center

Does not need permission from cerebral cortex

118
Q

Spinal cord is protected by…?

A

Bone, meninges, cerebral spinal fluid

119
Q

How does dura mater differ in the cranium and in the spine?

A

2 layers in the cranium (periosteal, meningeal)

1 layer in the spine (meningeal)

120
Q

Grooves of the spinal column?

A

Ventral median fissure

Dorsal median sulcus

121
Q

Where are Lateral horns found?

A

Only along thoracic and superior lumbar vertebrae

122
Q

Name the spinal roots along w/(sensory/motor)

A

Ventral roots (motor)
Dorsal roots (sensory)
Dorsal root ganglia (sensory)
Spinal nerves (fusion of ventral&dorsal roots)

123
Q

Organization of gray matter in spine

A

Somatic Sensory | Thru dorsal root and
Visceral Sensory | from dorsal horn
Visceral (autonomic) Motor | Thru ventral root
Somatic Motor | and from ventral horn

aka.. SS —> VS —> VM —> SM

124
Q

Match these words:

Sensory, descending, dorsal, ventral, ascending, motor

A

Ascending, Sensory, Dorsal

Descending, Motor, Ventral

125
Q

What is Decussation?

A

Neurons crossing from one side of CNS to the other (typically in medulla)

126
Q

Definition of Relay

A

Consists of 2 or 3 neurons

Anatomy&Phys 1 (3 decks)

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