Everything's An Argument Chapter 4: Arguments Based on Facts and Reason: Logos

Question 1

What is “confirmation” or “myside” bias

Answer 1

the tendency to accept information that supports our beliefs

Question 2

What do ancient Greek rhetoricians describe as logos?

Answer 2

steps to take whenever you deal with arguments based on facts and reason

Question 3

What is the first step of reading a logos essay?

Answer 3

examine your own faith in any facts or bits of information you use or cite: do you really know what you’re talking about or are you simply echoing what others you know say or think?

Question 4

What is the second step of logos writing?

Answer 4

become a conscientious fact-checker, digging eep to make sure claims are backed by the best available evidence

Question 5

What is the final step of logos writing?

Answer 5

do not give up on facts and reason

Question 6

What is fake news?

Answer 6

reporting by professional journalists whom they construe as inaccurate, selective, hostile, partial, or biased

Question 7

Is biased writing the same as “fake news”

Answer 7

No - everyone has a bias, even the best journalists

Question 8

What do you want to know when possible?

Answer 8

who produced or published the photo, video, or graphic, when and where it appeared, what the context of the original item was, who or what is in it. whether it has been in any way digitally altered

Question 9

What are inartistic proofs

Answer 9

hard evidence that are arguments the writer/speaker is given

Question 10

What are artistic proofs?

Answer 10

constructed arguments that the writer/speaker creates

Question 11

Provide examples of inartistic proofs?

Answer 11

facts, statistics, testimonies, witnesses, contracts, and documents

Question 12

Provide examples of artistic proofs?

Answer 12

appeals to reason and common sense

Question 13

How will most arguments you read and write move?

Answer 13

easily and. naturally between possible means of persuasion

Question 14

How is professional journalism and academic scholarship defined?

Answer 14

factual information transmitted faithfully to readers

Question 15

Why do statistics rarely end arguments?

Answer 15

there are always more numbers, more facts

Question 16

How can surveys and polls be important elements in scientific research

Answer 16

by documenting the complexities of human behavior or provide persuasive reasons for actions or intervention

Question 17

What is a narrative or testimony?

Answer 17

a personal experience or observation used to support an argument

Question 18

What kind of arguments can you turn to if you do not have “hard facts”

Answer 18

What Aristotle describes as arguments “constructed” from reason and common sense

Question 19

What is a syllogism?

Answer 19

in formal logic, a structure or deductive logic in which correctly formed major and minor premises lead to a necessary conclusion

Question 20

What is all human beings are mortal an example of?

Answer 20

a major premise

Question 21

What is socrates is a human being and example of?

Answer 21

a minor premise

Question 22

What is socrates is mortal an example of?

Answer 22

syllogism

Question 23

What is a premise?

Answer 23

a statement or position regarded as true and upon which other claims are based

Question 24

What is an enthymeme?

Answer 24

in classical rhetoric, an enthymeme is a syllogism with one term understood but not stated

Question 25

What is the implied premise in arguments based on degree?

Answer 25

more of a good thing or less of a bad thing is good

Question 26

What is an analogy?

Answer 26

an extended comparison between something unfair and something more familiar for the purpose of illuminating or dramatizing the unfamiliar

Question 27

What is a precedent?

Answer 27

actions or judgements in the past that have established a pattern or model for subsequent decisions

Question 28

What are precedents particularly important in?

Answer 28

legal cases