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AP Language and Composition > Everything's An Argument Chapter 1: Understanding Arguments > Flashcards

Everything's An Argument Chapter 1: Understanding Arguments Flashcards

1
Q

What two reasons did Aristotle say students needed to learn the arts of rhetoric for?

A

to get their ideas across effectively and to protect themselves from being manipulated by others

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2
Q

What is propaganda?

A

an argument advancing a point of view without regard to reason, fairness, or truth

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3
Q

What is reading vertically?

A

within the site itself, examining elements such as the name of authors, the bibliography, even official logos, and other visual elements to test their soundness and authenticity

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4
Q

What is lateral reading?

A

the process of validating a text by checking what other sources–typically online–say about it.

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5
Q

What adage, said by Ronald Reagan, applies to lateral reading?

A

verify, then trust

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6
Q

What are 6 ways to defend against misrepresentation in what you read?

A

Pay attention, be wary of “click bait”, look for any unstated assumption behind claims, distinguish between verified facts and unproven claims, learn to triangulate, become a fact-checker!

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7
Q

What is an assumption?

A

a belief regarded as true, upon which other claims are based

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8
Q

What does it mean to triangulate when reading?

A

to look for corroboration from other reliable sources by reading laterally

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9
Q

Who recommends a “stance of openness”

A

Krista Ratcliffe

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10
Q

What is a “stance of openness”

A

a stance of listening rhetorically that you can take in relation to any person, text, or culture.

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11
Q

What is a stance?

A

the writer’s attitude toward the topic and the audience

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12
Q

What are filter bubbles

A

Echo chambers created by media algorithms that feed us what we prefer to read

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13
Q

What are “others”

A

those who differ in opinion or experience from our own

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14
Q

What is an audience?

A

the person or persons to whom an argument is directed

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15
Q

What are arguments to convince

A

arguments that lead an audience to accept a claim as true or reasonable–based on factual and reliable evidence

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16
Q

What are arguments to persuade?

A

arguments that seek to move people from conviction to action

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17
Q

What are arguments to make decisions?

A

arguments about determining the best options in a given situation, whether political or personal–from managing out-of-control deficits to choosing majors or careers

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18
Q

What are invitational arguments?

A

a term used by Sonja Foss and Cindy Griffin to describe arguments that are aimed not at vanquishing an opponent but at inviting others to collaborate in exploring mutually satisfying ways to solve problems

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19
Q

What is a Rogerian argument?

A

an approach to argumentation based on the principle, articulated by psychotherapist Carl Rogers, that audiences respond best when they don’t feel threatened. Rogerian argument stresses trust and urges those who disagree to find common ground

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20
Q

What is rhetoric?

A

the art of persuasion. Western rhetoric originated in Ancient Greece as a discipline to prepare citizens for arguing cases in court.

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21
Q

What are Aristotle’s occasions for argument?

A

arguments that are concerned with the past, future, or present

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22
Q

What are forensic arguments?

A

an argument that deals with actions that have occurred in the past. Sometimes called judicial arguments, forensic arguments include legal cases involving judgements of guilt or innocence

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23
Q

What are deliberative arguments?

A

an argument that deals with action to be taken in the future, focusing on matters of policy. Deliberative arguments include parliamentary debates and campaign platforms.

24
Q

What are epideictic or ceremonial arguments?

A

an argument that deals with current values and addresses questions of praise and blame. Also called epideictic, ceremonial arguments include eulogies and graduation speeches.

25
Q

What are past arguments called?

A

forensic

26
Q

What are past arguments concerned with?

A

What happened in the past?

27
Q

What do past arguments look like?

A

court decisions, legal briefs, legislative hearings, investigative reports, academic studies

28
Q

What are future arguments called>

A

deliberative

29
Q

What are future arguments concerned with?

A

What should be done in the future

30
Q

What are examples of future arguments?

A

white papers, proposals, bills, regulations, mandates

31
Q

What are present arguments called?

A

epideictic or ceremonial arguments

32
Q

What are present arguments concerned with?

A

Who or what deserves praise or blame

33
Q

What are examples of present arguments?

A

eulogies, graduation speeches, inaugural addresses, roasts

34
Q

What is statis theory?

A

in classical rhetoric, a method for coming up with appropriate arguments by determining the nature of a given situation: a question of the fact; of definition; of quality; or of policy.

35
Q

What is the first question of statis theory?

A

did something happen?

36
Q

What is the second question of statis theory?

A

what is its nature?

37
Q

What is the third question of stasis theory?

A

What is its quality or cause?W

38
Q

What is the fourth question of stasis theory?

A

What actions should be taken?

39
Q

What is an argument of fact?

A

an argument in which the claim can be proved or disproved with specific evidence or testimony

40
Q

What is a testimony?

A

a personal experience or observation used to support an argument

41
Q

What are questions using arguments of fact?

A

where did the facts come from? are they reliable? is there a problem with the facts–with how they were gathered or who presented them? where did the problem begin and what caused it?

42
Q

What do some of the most hotly debated issues in our lives today involve?

A

questions of definition

43
Q

What are arguments of definition?

A

an argument in which the claim specifies that something does or doesn’t meet the conditions or features set forth in a definition

44
Q

What are arguments of evaluation?

A

an argument in which the claim specifies that something does or doesn’t meet established criteria

45
Q

What does porous mean?

A

when an argument defines its own issues

46
Q

What is a proposal argument?

A

an argument in which a claim is made in favor of or opposing a specific course of action

47
Q

What are lines of argument?

A

a strategy or approach used in an argument. Argumentative strategies include appeals to the heart (emotional appeals), to character (ethical appeals), and to facts and reason (logical appeals).

48
Q

What are the three lines of argument?

A

ethos, pathos, and logos

49
Q

What is ethos?

A

the self-image a writer creates to define a relationship with readers. In arguments, most writers try to establish an ethos that suggests authority, fairness, and credibility.

50
Q

What are pathos?

A

a strategy in which a writer tries to generate specific emotions (such as fear, envy, anger, or pity) in an audience to dispose it to accept a claim

51
Q

What is authority?

A

the quality conveyed by a writer who is knowledgable about a subject and confident in that knowledge

52
Q

What is logos?

A

a strategy in which a writer uses facts, evidence, and reason to convince audience members to accept a claim

53
Q

Who is Kairos

A

the youngest son of Zeus and god of opportunity

54
Q

What is Kairos?

A

the opportune moment; in arguments, the timeliness of an argument and the most opportune ways to make it

55
Q

What are rhetorical situations?

A

the relationship among topic, author, audience, and other contexts (social, cultural, political) that determines or evokes an appropriate spoken or written response

56
Q
A

AP Language and Composition (13 decks)

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