Everything

Question 1

Validity.

Answer 1

The extent to which a tool or instrument measures what it is supposed to measure.

• precision.
• inductive reasoning.
• strength of qualitative research.

Question 2

Reliability.

Answer 2

The degree to which a tool or instrument produces consistent or similar results.

• accuracy.
• deductive reasoning.
• strength of quantative research.

Question 3

What are the 3 main methods to approaching finding evidence?

Answer 3

1. Informally.
2. Focused.
3. Surveying the existing literature.

Question 4

Sampling error.

Answer 4

When the groups of participants chosen is inadequate or not random enough.

• random errors.
• systematic errors.

Question 5

Random errors.

Answer 5

• under or over representation of certain groups.
• likelihood of error can be reduced by increasing the sample size.
• standard deviation changes.

Question 6

Systematic errors.

Answer 6

• inconsistencies or errors in the sampling frame.
• CANNOT be reduced by increasing sample size.
• mean changes.

Question 7

Common observational study designs?

Answer 7

• descriptive research.
• diagnostic accuracy studies.
• epidemiological research.

Question 8

Descriptive statistics.

Answer 8

Refer ONLY to the sample-not attempting to generalise beyond the sample.

Question 9

Diagnostic accuracy studies.

Answer 9

Evaluates how well a diagnostic or assessment procedure:

• correctly identifies people who have the health condition the procedure is designed to protect.
• correctly identifies people who do not have the health condition.

Question 10

Meta-analysis.

Answer 10

Specialised statistical technique for combining the results from a set of quantative studies in a systematic review.

Question 11

Can have reliability without validity.

Answer 11

👍🏻.

Question 12

Inferential statistics.

Answer 12

Go beyond the sample to help us infer what happens in the wider population.

Question 13

Central tendency.

Answer 13

Refers to the mid-way point between the highest and the lowest of a sample of scores on a continuous variable.

• mean.
• median.
• mode.

Question 14

Dispersion.

Answer 14

Refers to how spread out the scores are on a continuous variable.

• standard deviation.
• the minimum and maximum.
• the range.

Question 15

Two types of inferential statistics.

Answer 15

• t-test.

- analysis of variance.

Question 16

T-test.

Answer 16

Used to compare the average scores between two different groups in a study to see if the groups are different from each other (ONLY between TWO groups).

Question 17

Analysis of variance.

Answer 17

A test that compares the average scores between 3 or more different groups in a study to see if the groups are different from each other e.g. Comparing 3 types of teaching styles.

Question 18

Double blind experiment study.

Answer 18

Participants and researchers aren’t aware of what groups their in (can’t influence their behaviour).

Question 19

Saturation.

Answer 19

Little or no new data is generated from the participants and it is believed that the sample size is adequate.

Question 20

Triangulation.

Answer 20

The use of more than one method in combination.

Question 21

Reflexivity.

Answer 21

Thinking carefully about what’s going on and how their own perspective might be influencing the data.

Question 22

Infer-rater reliability.

Answer 22

Inducing more than one researcher to help with the analysis of the same data independently.

Question 23

What 3 approaches greatly improve the validity of quantitative research?

Answer 23

1. Triangulation.
2. Reflexivity.
3. Inter-rater reliability.

Question 24

Progressive focusing.

Answer 24

• qualitative technique.

- allow for and often require modification of the research question in light of the findings.

Question 25

Ethnography (passive observation).

Answer 25

Systematic watching of behaviours and conversations in naturally occurring settings (researcher is meant to observe the culture from the point of view of the participant).

Question 26

Ethnography (participant observation).

Answer 26

Observation in which the researcher also occupies a role or part in the setting in addition to observing.

Question 27

Phenomenology.

Answer 27

Focusing on people’s lived experiences and how they interpret those experiences.

Question 28

Case studies.

Answer 28

Used to look at individuals, a small group of participants or group as a whole.

Question 29

Grounded theory.

Answer 29

Literally from “the ground up.” Approach starts with no preconceptions and develops Therese and ideas as the data is collected and analysed.

Question 30

What are the two most common types of qualitative data collection?

Answer 30

Interviews and observations.