everything Flashcards
1
Q
A
2
Q
Symbiosis
A
Symbiosis refers to a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. In APES, understanding symbiosis is key to analyzing how species interact and impact ecosystem stability and biodiversity.
3
Q
Parasitism
A
Parasitism is a relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of another. In APES, it highlights how energy and resources are transferred in ecosystems and can affect population dynamics.
4
Q
Mutualism
A
Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both species benefit. It is important in APES to understand how cooperation among species can enhance survival, biodiversity, and ecosystem health.
5
Q
Commensalism
A
Commensalism describes a relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. In APES, it shows how organisms can coexist without significant impacts on each other’s survival.
6
Q
Competition
A
Competition occurs when organisms vie for the same resources in an ecosystem. In APES, it explains population control and niche differentiation, critical for ecosystem balance.
7
Q
Predation
A
Predation involves one organism feeding on another. It’s central to APES because it regulates population sizes and helps maintain ecosystem stability through natural selection.
8
Q
Primary productivity
A
Primary productivity is the rate at which energy is converted by autotrophs into organic substances. It measures the energy available to an ecosystem and is key to understanding ecosystem energy flow.
9
Q
Net primary productivity
A
Net primary productivity (NPP) is the energy remaining after producers use some through respiration. It represents the energy available to consumers and indicates ecosystem health.
10
Q
Gross primary productivity
A
Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the total amount of solar energy captured via photosynthesis. It shows the energy foundation that supports all higher trophic levels.
11
Q
Photosynthesis
A
Photosynthesis is the process by which producers convert solar energy into chemical energy. It’s crucial in APES for understanding the basis of nearly all ecosystem energy flow.
12
Q
Trophic levels
A
Trophic levels represent the different feeding positions in an ecosystem’s food chain or web. They are vital in APES to understand energy transfer efficiency and biomass distribution.
13
Q
Producers
A
Producers, or autotrophs, create their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. They form the base of food chains and are fundamental to ecosystem energy dynamics in APES.
14
Q
Consumers
A
Consumers are organisms that obtain energy by feeding on others. Understanding consumers in APES is important for analyzing energy flow and population interactions.
15
Q
10% rule
A
The 10% rule states that only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. It explains the energy loss and why food chains are typically short.
16
Q
Energy transfer
A
Energy transfer describes how energy moves through ecosystems via food webs and chains. It is central to APES for understanding ecological efficiency and ecosystem structure.
17
Q
Food web
A
A food web is a complex network of interconnected food chains. In APES, food webs better represent real-world energy flow and species interdependence than simple food chains.
18
Q
Food chain
A
A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass. It’s important in APES to understand the direction and efficiency of energy flow.
19
Q
Biodiversity
A
Biodiversity is the variety of life across all levels of biological organization. APES emphasizes biodiversity’s role in ecosystem resilience and the services ecosystems provide to humans.
20
Q
Species richness
A
Species richness measures the number of different species in an area. It is a key indicator of biodiversity and ecosystem health in APES.
21
Q
Genetic diversity
A
Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in a species. It’s important for species adaptability and resilience, key themes in APES conservation topics.
22
Q
Habitat loss
A
Habitat loss occurs when natural habitats are altered or destroyed, making them unable to support the species originally present. In APES, it’s a leading cause of biodiversity decline and ecosystem disruption.
23
Q
Habitat fragmentation
A
Habitat fragmentation splits ecosystems into smaller, isolated areas. APES discusses it as a major threat to species survival and ecosystem health due to decreased genetic flow and increased vulnerability.
24
Q
Provisioning services
A
Provisioning services are ecosystem services that provide goods like food, water, and raw materials. In APES, they show the direct benefits humans derive from nature, crucial for sustainability discussions.
25
Regulating services
Regulating services include benefits like air purification, climate regulation, and disease control. APES stresses their role in maintaining environmental quality and supporting human life.
26
Supporting services
Supporting services are necessary for all other ecosystem services, such as soil formation and nutrient cycling. They are fundamental in APES for maintaining ecosystem structure and function.
27
Cultural services
Cultural services are non-material benefits from ecosystems like recreation, aesthetic inspiration, and spiritual value. APES highlights how human well-being is deeply connected to ecosystem health.
28
Ecological tolerance
Ecological tolerance refers to the range of environmental conditions a species can endure. In APES, it's critical for predicting species distributions and impacts of environmental changes.
29
Biotic factors
Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem like plants, animals, and microbes. Understanding biotic interactions is key in APES to study ecosystem dynamics and food webs.
30
Abiotic factors
Abiotic factors are non-living components like temperature, water, and soil. APES emphasizes how abiotic factors shape ecosystems and influence species' survival and behavior.
31
Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the gradual change in species composition of an ecosystem over time. It's important in APES for understanding how ecosystems recover from disturbances.
32
Primary succession
Primary succession occurs in areas without soil, such as after a volcanic eruption. APES uses it to explain ecosystem development from barren landscapes to complex communities.
33
Secondary succession
Secondary succession happens in areas where a disturbance destroys a community without destroying the soil. In APES, it shows faster recovery processes compared to primary succession.
34
Keystone species
Keystone species have a disproportionately large impact on ecosystem structure. APES highlights them to show how the removal of one species can cause ecosystem collapse.
35
Pioneer species
Pioneer species are the first to colonize disturbed or barren environments. In APES, they are critical for initiating succession and paving the way for more complex communities.
36
Generalists
Generalist species can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and use a variety of resources. APES stresses how generalists tend to survive better in changing environments.
37
Specialists
Specialist species have narrow ecological niches and specific resource needs. In APES, specialists often face higher risks of extinction under environmental change.
38
K-selected species
K-selected species produce fewer offspring with high parental investment. In APES, they are associated with stable environments and are more vulnerable to extinction.
39
r-selected species
r-selected species produce many offspring with low parental care. APES highlights their success in unpredictable or disturbed environments due to rapid reproduction.
40
Invasive species
Invasive species are non-native organisms that spread widely and cause harm to native ecosystems. APES examines them as major drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption.
41
Endangered species
Endangered species are at serious risk of extinction. In APES, conservation efforts to protect endangered species highlight the importance of biodiversity preservation.
42
Type I survivorship curve
Type I curves show high survival rates throughout most of life, with most deaths occurring at old age. APES uses this to describe species like humans that invest heavily in offspring.
43
Type II survivorship curve
Type II curves show a constant death rate over the organism’s life span. In APES, it helps illustrate species like birds, where survival chances are fairly steady over time.
44
Type III survivorship curve
Type III curves show very high mortality early in life with few survivors reaching adulthood. APES discusses this with species like frogs and plants that produce many offspring.
45
Carrying capacity
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals an environment can sustainably support. In APES, it’s essential for understanding population dynamics and ecosystem balance.
46
Overshoot
Overshoot occurs when a population exceeds its carrying capacity, leading to resource depletion. APES emphasizes it as a cause of population crashes and ecosystem degradation.
47
Die-off
Die-off is a sudden population decline after overshoot. APES uses it to explain how ecosystems respond to overpopulation and resource scarcity.
48
Exponential growth (J curve)
Exponential growth shows populations growing without limits, forming a J-shaped curve. APES uses it to model unchecked population increases under ideal conditions.
49
Logistic growth (S curve)
Logistic growth accounts for environmental resistance, creating an S-shaped curve. APES teaches it to model real-world populations that stabilize around carrying capacity.
50
Limiting resources
Limiting resources are essential elements that restrict population growth when scarce. APES highlights them as a key factor in controlling ecosystem and species health.
51
Density dependent factors
Density-dependent factors like disease or competition increase in effect as population density rises. APES stresses how these factors regulate natural populations.
52
Density independent factors
Density-independent factors like natural disasters affect populations regardless of size. APES explains them as random events that can shift ecosystem balance.
53
Tragedy of the commons
The tragedy of the commons occurs when shared resources are overused and depleted. In APES, it illustrates the importance of sustainable resource management.
54
Clearcutting
Clearcutting is the removal of all trees in an area. APES discusses its environmental impacts like soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and water quality decline.
55
Deforestation
Deforestation is the large-scale removal of forests. In APES, it’s a major cause of carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and disruption of the water cycle.
56
Slash and burn agriculture
Slash and burn agriculture clears land by cutting and burning vegetation. APES highlights its role in soil degradation and deforestation, especially in tropical regions.
57
Prescribed burn
Prescribed burns are controlled fires used to manage ecosystems. In APES, they are seen as a tool to reduce wildfire risk and promote ecological health.
58
Selective cutting
Selective cutting involves removing specific trees rather than clearcutting. APES presents it as a more sustainable forestry practice that minimizes ecosystem damage.
59
Overexploitation
Overexploitation is the excessive use of natural resources beyond their recovery ability. APES highlights it as a key driver of species extinction and habitat degradation.
60
Habitat restoration
Habitat restoration is the process of returning ecosystems to a more natural state. In APES, it’s a major method for reversing environmental damage and supporting biodiversity.
61
Habitat corridors
Habitat corridors are strips of land that connect separated habitats. APES discusses them as crucial for maintaining genetic flow and species survival across fragmented landscapes.
62
Ecological footprint
An ecological footprint measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resources it consumes and absorb its wastes. In APES, it helps assess sustainability and resource use.
63
Planned obsolescence
Planned obsolescence is when products are designed to wear out quickly or become outdated. APES discusses it as a driver of increased waste and resource consumption.
64
E-waste
E-waste refers to discarded electronic devices. In APES, it’s important due to its toxic components and challenges in safe disposal and recycling.
65
Composting
Composting is the biological decomposition of organic waste into nutrient-rich soil. APES highlights it as a sustainable waste management method that reduces landfill use.
66
Landfill
A landfill is a site where waste is buried. APES examines the environmental impacts like leachate, methane emissions, and land usage.
67
Recycling
Recycling involves processing used materials into new products. APES emphasizes it as a way to conserve resources and reduce environmental pollution.
68
Leachate
Leachate is the contaminated liquid that drains from landfills. In APES, it’s a major groundwater pollution risk if not properly managed.
69
Incineration
Incineration burns waste to reduce its volume. APES discusses its advantages (volume reduction, energy recovery) and disadvantages (air pollution).
70
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste is waste that poses significant threats to health or the environment. APES teaches the importance of proper hazardous waste disposal.
71
Lethal dose 50 (LD50)
LD50 measures the dose of a substance that kills 50% of a test population. In APES, it helps assess chemical toxicity and environmental risk.
72
Dose Response Curve
A dose-response curve shows the relationship between a toxin’s dose and its effect on organisms. APES uses it to predict environmental and human health impacts.
73
Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation is the buildup of substances, like toxins, in an organism over time. APES discusses it as a risk factor for top predators and human health.
74
Biomagnification
Biomagnification is the increasing concentration of substances up a food chain. In APES, it’s used to explain why toxins like mercury become more dangerous higher up the trophic levels.
75
Persistent organic pollutants
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemicals that persist in the environment and accumulate in living organisms. APES emphasizes their global threat to ecosystems and health.
76
Endocrine Disruptors
Endocrine disruptors interfere with hormonal systems in organisms. APES highlights their role in reproductive issues and population declines.
77
Coal Mining
Coal mining extracts coal for energy use. In APES, it’s discussed for its environmental impacts, including habitat destruction, water pollution, and air pollution.
78
Mining ore
Mining ore involves extracting minerals from the earth. APES emphasizes the resource demand and environmental consequences, like erosion and chemical runoff.
79
Overburden
Overburden is the rock and soil removed to access mineral deposits. In APES, it’s seen as a source of ecosystem disruption and increased erosion.
80
Tailings
Tailings are leftover materials after extracting minerals. APES highlights them as major sources of soil and water contamination.
81
Slag
Slag is the waste material separated during metal smelting. APES discusses its disposal challenges and potential toxic leachate issues.
82
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is a gas produced from burning fossil fuels and volcanoes. In APES, it’s important because it contributes to acid rain and respiratory problems.
83
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are pollutants from vehicles and power plants. APES connects them to smog formation, acid rain, and climate impacts.
84
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas from incomplete combustion. In APES, it’s studied for its health risks, including preventing oxygen delivery in humans.
85
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a greenhouse gas produced by burning fossil fuels. APES focuses on it as a major driver of climate change and ocean acidification.
86
Particulate matter
Particulate matter consists of tiny particles suspended in the air. In APES, it’s important because it affects air quality and human respiratory health.
87
Tropospheric ozone
Tropospheric ozone (O₃) is a pollutant formed from sunlight acting on NOx and VOCs. APES discusses its role in photochemical smog and health impacts.
88
Lead
Lead is a toxic metal once used in gasoline and paints. APES focuses on its neurological damage to humans and its persistence in the environment.
89
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
VOCs are carbon-based chemicals that easily evaporate into the air. In APES, they’re important precursors to smog and indoor air pollutants.
90
Primary pollutants
Primary pollutants are emitted directly from a source, like CO from cars. APES distinguishes them as the starting point for many pollution issues.
91
Secondary pollutants
Secondary pollutants form when primary pollutants react in the atmosphere. APES uses examples like ozone and acid rain to show their significance.
92
Photochemical smog
Photochemical smog is created when sunlight reacts with NOx and VOCs. In APES, it’s highlighted for its harmful effects on human health and ecosystems.
93
Thermal inversions
Thermal inversions occur when a layer of warm air traps pollutants near the ground. APES explains them as a major cause of bad air quality events.
94
Acid deposition
Acid deposition includes acid rain, snow, or fog caused by emissions of SO₂ and NOx. In APES, it’s crucial for understanding impacts on soils, forests, and waterways.
95
Asbestos
Asbestos is a mineral once used in building materials for insulation. APES covers it because inhalation of fibers can cause lung diseases, including cancer. / Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral used in construction for insulation but now banned due to its carcinogenic properties. APES covers its environmental and health risks.
96
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is a chemical used in building products and household items. APES notes it as a significant indoor air pollutant and carcinogen. / Formaldehyde is a chemical used in building materials and furniture, and it can be harmful to human health. In APES, it’s relevant for indoor air quality and pollution.
97
Radon
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that seeps from the ground. APES highlights its health risks, especially lung cancer from indoor exposure. / Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can accumulate in buildings. APES connects it to lung cancer risks, especially in poorly ventilated homes.
98
Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act is a U.S. law regulating air pollution. In APES, it’s a key example of environmental legislation improving public health and air quality. / The Clean Air Act is a landmark U.S. law that regulates air pollution. APES highlights it for its role in improving air quality and public health nationwide.
99
Nitric acid
Nitric acid (HNO₃) forms when nitrogen oxides react with water in the atmosphere. APES connects it to acid rain and damage to ecosystems.
100
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) forms from sulfur dioxide and water. APES emphasizes it as a main contributor to acid rain and environmental degradation.
101
Nonrenewable resource
Nonrenewable resources like coal and oil are finite and take millions of years to form. In APES, they’re critical for understanding resource depletion and sustainability challenges.
102
Renewable resource
Renewable resources, like solar or wind energy, regenerate naturally over short periods. APES emphasizes managing them responsibly to avoid environmental degradation.
103
Peat
Peat is partially decayed plant material found in wetlands and is an early stage of coal formation. In APES, it’s studied for its role in carbon storage and energy use.
104
Coal
Coal is a fossil fuel formed from ancient plant matter under pressure. APES discusses its role in energy production and its environmental costs, such as pollution.
105
Anthracite
Anthracite is the highest-grade coal with the most carbon and least impurities. In APES, it’s important for its higher efficiency and lower emissions compared to other coals.
106
Bituminous
Bituminous coal is a widely used, middle-grade coal. APES covers it for its major contribution to electricity generation and pollution.
107
Subbituminous
Subbituminous coal has lower carbon content than bituminous coal but is still used for energy. APES explores its role in lower energy yield and pollution impact.
108
Lignite
Lignite is the lowest-grade, most polluting type of coal. In APES, it’s important for showing the trade-offs between cheap energy and high emissions.
109
Carbon content
Carbon content refers to the percentage of carbon in coal, affecting its energy output and emissions. APES highlights it in discussions of fossil fuel quality.
110
Crude oil
Crude oil is unrefined petroleum extracted from the ground. In APES, it’s essential to topics like energy use, transportation, and oil spills.
111
Natural gas
Natural gas is mainly methane and burns cleaner than coal or oil. APES discusses it as a “bridge fuel” but warns about methane leakage impacts.
112
Oil
Oil, or petroleum, is used for energy and products like plastics. In APES, it’s discussed regarding resource extraction, spills, and air pollution.
113
Petroleum
Petroleum is a liquid fossil fuel refined into gasoline, diesel, and other products. APES ties it to major environmental and political issues.
114
Combustion
Combustion is the burning of a fuel with oxygen, releasing energy. APES focuses on it as a cause of air pollution and climate change.
115
Turbine
A turbine converts kinetic energy from fluids like steam, water, or wind into mechanical energy. APES connects turbines to power generation systems.
116
Electromagnetic current
Electromagnetic current is the flow of electrons generated by moving turbines. In APES, it's critical for understanding electricity production.
117
Scrubbers
Scrubbers are devices installed in smokestacks to remove air pollutants like sulfur dioxide. APES uses them as examples of pollution control technology.
118
Electrostatic precipitators
Electrostatic precipitators remove particulate matter from industrial emissions using electric charges. APES highlights them for reducing air pollution.
119
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)
Fracking extracts oil and natural gas by injecting high-pressure fluid into rock. APES covers its environmental risks like groundwater contamination and earthquakes.
120
Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution occurs when industries release heated water into natural bodies of water. In APES, it’s important for its impact on aquatic ecosystems, reducing oxygen levels and harming organisms.
121
Dissolved oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is the amount of oxygen available in water for aquatic life. APES focuses on its role in maintaining healthy ecosystems and supporting aquatic organisms.
122
Nuclear power
Nuclear power generates electricity through nuclear fission, where atoms split to release energy. APES examines its potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but also the challenges of radioactive waste and nuclear accidents.
123
Biomass
Biomass refers to organic material used as a source of energy. APES discusses its potential as a renewable energy source, as well as the environmental implications of land use and carbon emissions.
124
Solar energy
Solar energy is energy harnessed from the sun, typically through photovoltaic cells. APES highlights its role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable energy solutions.
125
Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectric power generates electricity from the movement of water, typically through dams. APES evaluates its benefits as a renewable energy source and its environmental impact, particularly on aquatic ecosystems.
126
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the Earth's surface for electricity generation and heating. APES discusses its sustainability and environmental advantages compared to fossil fuels.
127
Hydrogen fuel cell
Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen, with water as the byproduct. APES covers their potential as a clean energy source, reducing emissions from transportation and power generation.
128
Wind energy
Wind energy is harnessed through wind turbines to generate electricity. APES examines its role in renewable energy, its efficiency, and challenges like wildlife impacts and intermittency.
129
Energy conservation
Energy conservation refers to reducing energy consumption through efficiency measures or behavioral changes. APES emphasizes its importance in mitigating climate change and reducing resource depletion.
130
Energy efficiency
Energy efficiency means using less energy to accomplish the same task, such as using energy-efficient appliances. APES studies its role in reducing emissions and energy demand while promoting sustainability.
131
Weatherization
Weatherization involves improving a building's insulation and energy efficiency to reduce energy consumption. APES focuses on its role in energy conservation, reducing emissions, and saving costs for consumers.
132
Subsidies
Subsidies are financial incentives provided by governments to support certain industries, often energy-related. APES discusses their role in promoting renewable energy technologies or maintaining the fossil fuel industry.
133
Hydrologic cycle
The hydrologic cycle describes the movement of water through the atmosphere, oceans, and land. APES studies its importance in maintaining freshwater availability and supporting ecosystems.
134
Run-off
Run-off is water that flows over the land's surface, often carrying pollutants into bodies of water. APES examines its contribution to water pollution and its impact on aquatic ecosystems.
135
Precipitation
Precipitation refers to any form of water that falls from the atmosphere, such as rain, snow, or sleet. APES studies its role in replenishing freshwater resources and its impact on ecosystems.
136
Condensation
Condensation is the process by which water vapor cools and turns into liquid water. APES explores its role in the water cycle, contributing to cloud formation and the distribution of precipitation.
137
Transpiration
Transpiration is the release of water vapor from plants into the atmosphere. APES focuses on its role in the water cycle, maintaining humidity and supporting plant growth.
138
Evapo-transpiration
Evapo-transpiration is the combined process of evaporation from the surface and transpiration from plants. APES examines its impact on the water cycle and the distribution of water in ecosystems.
139
Uptake (by plant roots)
Uptake refers to the absorption of water and nutrients by plant roots from the soil. APES explores its role in maintaining plant health and ecosystem productivity.
140
Percolation/infiltration
Percolation is the movement of water through soil and rock layers. APES studies its importance in groundwater recharge and the availability of freshwater resources.
141
Groundwater
Groundwater is water stored beneath the Earth's surface, often in aquifers. APES focuses on its role in providing drinking water and sustaining ecosystems, and the challenges of over-extraction.
142
Groundwater recharge
Groundwater recharge is the process by which groundwater is replenished, typically through precipitation or surface water infiltration. APES studies its importance in maintaining sustainable water supplies.
143
Aquifer
An aquifer is a body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater. APES explores its role in providing drinking water and the environmental concerns related to overuse and contamination.
144
Wastewater treatment
Wastewater treatment involves removing contaminants from used water before it is released into the environment or reused. APES examines its role in preventing water pollution and protecting public health.
145
Primary treatment
Primary treatment is the first stage of wastewater treatment, where large solids are removed. APES focuses on its importance in reducing water pollution and preparing water for further treatment.
146
Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment is the biological treatment of wastewater, using microorganisms to break down organic pollutants. APES studies its role in improving water quality and reducing environmental impact.
147
Tertiary treatment
Tertiary treatment is the advanced stage of wastewater treatment, which further removes pollutants like nitrogen and phosphorus. APES examines its role in ensuring water quality and protecting ecosystems.
148
Habitat destruction
Habitat destruction refers to the damage or loss of natural habitats due to human activities like deforestation. APES explores its effects on biodiversity, species loss, and ecosystem disruption.
149
Habitat restoration
Habitat restoration is the process of returning degraded or destroyed habitats to their original condition. APES discusses its role in conserving biodiversity and restoring ecosystem functions.
150
Habitat corridors
Habitat corridors are strips of natural habitat that connect fragmented ecosystems. APES studies their role in enabling species movement, maintaining genetic diversity, and supporting ecosystem connectivity.
151
Birth Rate
Birth rate refers to the number of births per 1,000 people in a given population over a specific period. APES examines its impact on population growth, resource demand, and environmental sustainability.
152
Death rate
Death rate refers to the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population. APES studies how it influences population dynamics, health trends, and environmental pressures.
153
Immigration
Immigration refers to the movement of individuals into a population from another area. APES explores its impact on population growth, biodiversity, and ecosystem balance.
154
Emigration
Emigration is the movement of individuals out of a population to another area. APES examines its effects on population size, distribution, and ecosystem dynamics.
155
Age structure diagram
An age structure diagram shows the distribution of individuals in a population by age group. APES uses it to assess population growth trends and predict future demographic changes.
156
J curve
The J curve represents exponential population growth, where the population size increases rapidly over time. APES focuses on the unsustainable nature of this growth and its potential environmental impacts.
157
S curve
The S curve represents logistic population growth, where growth slows as the population approaches carrying capacity. APES explores its implications for sustainable population management and resource use.
158
Exponential growth
Exponential growth occurs when the growth rate of a population is constant, leading to rapid increases over time. APES studies its consequences for resource consumption and environmental degradation.
159
Logistic growth
Logistic growth is population growth that slows as the population reaches the carrying capacity of its environment. APES examines its relevance to sustainability and resource management.
160
Carrying capacity
Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an environment can support with its available resources. APES studies how this concept is used to understand population dynamics and resource limits.
161
Biome
A biome is a large ecological area characterized by specific climate conditions, vegetation, and animal life. APES categorizes biomes to understand global biodiversity and climate interactions.
162
Temperature
Temperature is a measure of heat energy in an environment, influencing species distribution and ecosystem functioning. APES focuses on its role in shaping biomes and climate patterns.
163
Desert
A desert is a biome characterized by low precipitation and extreme temperature fluctuations. APES discusses its adaptations, biodiversity, and the challenges of human impact in desert environments.
164
Savanna
The savanna is a biome of tropical or subtropical grasslands, with seasonal rainfall and scattered trees. APES explores its role in supporting diverse wildlife and its vulnerability to human activities like agriculture.
165
Tundra
The tundra is a cold, treeless biome with low precipitation and short growing seasons. APES examines its fragile ecosystems, biodiversity, and sensitivity to climate change.
166
Tropical Rainforest
The tropical rainforest is a lush, biodiverse biome found near the equator, with high rainfall and constant temperatures. APES studies its critical role in carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and ecosystem services.
167
Taiga
The taiga is a cold, coniferous forest biome found in northern latitudes. APES looks at its role in global carbon storage, its vulnerable species, and its susceptibility to climate change.
168
Temperate rainforests
Temperate rainforests are dense forests found in coastal regions with high rainfall and moderate temperatures. APES highlights their biodiversity, carbon storage, and importance in regulating regional climate.
169
Temperate seasonal forest
Temperate seasonal forests experience distinct seasons, with moderate rainfall and deciduous trees. APES discusses their biodiversity, ecological importance, and the impacts of human development.
170
Shrubland
Shrubland is a biome characterized by low-growing shrubs and small trees, typically in areas with seasonal rainfall. APES focuses on the ecological roles of shrublands, including their resilience to fire and drought.
171
Temperate grassland
Temperate grasslands are characterized by vast open spaces with seasonal precipitation and few trees. APES studies their role in supporting large herbivore populations and the effects of agriculture on these ecosystems.
172
Intertidal zones
Intertidal zones are coastal areas that are exposed to the air during low tide and submerged during high tide. APES explores their dynamic ecosystems, rich biodiversity, and the impacts of human activities like pollution.
173
Freshwater wetlands
Freshwater wetlands are ecosystems that are saturated with water, such as swamps and marshes. APES highlights their role in water filtration, biodiversity support, and climate regulation.
174
Salt marshes
Salt marshes are coastal wetlands that are regularly flooded with seawater, supporting salt-tolerant vegetation. APES focuses on their importance for biodiversity, coastal protection, and water filtration.
175
Mangrove swamps
Mangrove swamps are coastal ecosystems with salt-tolerant trees that thrive in tropical regions. APES examines their role in protecting coastlines, supporting biodiversity, and providing nursery habitats for marine species.
176
Coral reefs
Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems formed by colonies of coral polyps. APES explores their critical role in supporting marine biodiversity, coastal protection, and climate regulation.
177
Open ocean
The open ocean is the vast area of water beyond coastal waters and continental shelves. APES studies its role in global nutrient cycling, carbon storage, and marine food webs.
178
Adaptations
Adaptations are traits that enhance an organism’s survival and reproduction in its environment. APES focuses on how adaptations help species thrive in specific biomes and cope with environmental stressors.
179
Environmental changes
Environmental changes refer to alterations in natural conditions caused by both natural processes and human activities. APES examines their effects on ecosystems, biodiversity, and human societies.
180
Fitness
Fitness refers to an organism’s ability to survive, reproduce, and pass on its genetic material. APES studies its role in evolutionary processes and how it influences natural selection.
181
Equator
The equator is an imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. APES discusses its importance in shaping global climate patterns, such as temperature and precipitation distribution.
182
Hadley cell
The Hadley cell is a large atmospheric circulation pattern near the equator that influences climate and weather. APES examines its role in creating tropical rainforests and deserts by driving air movement and precipitation.
183
Ferrel cell
The Ferrel cell is an atmospheric circulation pattern that operates in mid-latitudes, influencing weather systems. APES studies its impact on temperate climates and its connection to prevailing winds.
184
Polar cell
The polar cell is a circulation pattern near the poles that influences cold climates. APES focuses on how it affects the distribution of temperature and precipitation in polar regions.
185
Wind currents
Wind currents are large-scale movements of air across the Earth's surface, driven by the Sun’s heating and the rotation of the Earth. APES studies their role in distributing heat, moisture, and nutrients globally.
186
Coriolis effect
The Coriolis effect is the deflection of moving objects, such as air currents, caused by the Earth's rotation. APES examines its role in shaping global wind patterns and ocean currents.
187
Solar radiation
Solar radiation is energy emitted by the Sun that reaches the Earth, providing the primary source of energy for the planet. APES studies its impact on climate, photosynthesis, and ecosystems.
188
Axis
The axis is the imaginary line around which the Earth rotates. APES explores its significance in determining the Earth’s seasons and climate patterns.
189
Seasons/seasonality
Seasons refer to the divisions of the year based on changes in weather and daylight, while seasonality is the variation in biological events tied to these seasonal shifts. APES examines their impact on ecosystems and species behavior.
190
Latitude
Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. APES focuses on its role in determining climate patterns, such as temperature and precipitation, and the distribution of biomes.
191
Rainshadow effect
The rainshadow effect occurs when mountains block the passage of moist air, leading to dry conditions on the leeward side. APES studies its role in creating deserts and influencing regional climates.
192
Ocean currents
Ocean currents are large-scale movements of seawater driven by wind, temperature, and salinity differences. APES examines their influence on climate, nutrient distribution, and marine ecosystems.
193
Upwellings
Upwellings are ocean currents that bring nutrient-rich waters from the deep to the surface. APES explores their role in supporting marine food webs and promoting biodiversity in coastal ecosystems.
194
Thermohaline circulation
Thermohaline circulation is the large-scale ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity gradients. APES studies its role in regulating global climate and nutrient cycling in the oceans.
195
Gyres
Gyres are large circular ocean currents that occur in major ocean basins. APES examines their impact on global heat distribution, nutrient cycling, and marine ecosystems.
196
El Niño
El Niño is a climate phenomenon characterized by the warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. APES studies its effects on weather patterns, ecosystems, and global climate.
197
La Niña
La Niña is the opposite phase of El Niño, where sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean are cooler than normal. APES focuses on its impacts on global weather patterns and ecosystems.
198
Nutrient upwelling
Nutrient upwelling is the process by which deep, nutrient-rich water rises to the surface. APES highlights its importance in sustaining marine ecosystems, particularly for fisheries.
199
Soil texture (soil triangle)
Soil texture refers to the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in soil. APES uses the soil triangle to categorize soils and understand their permeability, fertility, and water retention.
200
Clay
Clay is a fine-grained soil particle that retains water well but has low permeability. APES explores its role in soil fertility and water retention, which affects plant growth.
201
Sand
Sand is a coarser soil particle with higher permeability, allowing for better drainage but lower water retention. APES examines its impact on soil fertility and plant growth.
202
Silt
Silt is a soil particle that falls between clay and sand in size. APES studies its role in soil structure, fertility, and water retention in agricultural ecosystems.
203
Loam
Loam is a well-balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay, ideal for plant growth. APES focuses on its fertility, water retention, and suitability for agriculture.
204
Soil Permeability
Soil permeability refers to the ability of soil to transmit water and air. APES examines how permeability affects water retention, drainage, and soil fertility.
205
Soil Density
Soil density is the mass of soil per unit volume. APES studies its effects on soil structure, compaction, water infiltration, and root growth.
206
Soil pH
Soil pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of soil. APES examines its influence on nutrient availability, microbial activity, and plant growth.
207
Soil's limiting nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium)
Limiting nutrients, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium, are essential for plant growth but are often in limited supply. APES highlights their importance in soil fertility and agricultural productivity.
208
Soil erosion
Soil erosion is the removal of soil particles by wind, water, or human activity. APES focuses on its impact on soil fertility, water quality, and land productivity.
209
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants. APES studies its role in the nitrogen cycle and the importance for agriculture.
210
Assimilation
Assimilation is the process by which plants absorb and incorporate nitrogen compounds into their tissues. APES examines its role in the nitrogen cycle and plant nutrition.
211
Ammonification
Ammonification is the conversion of organic nitrogen compounds into ammonia by decomposers. APES studies its role in the nitrogen cycle and its contribution to soil fertility.
212
Nitrification
Nitrification is the process by which ammonia is converted into nitrites and nitrates by bacteria. APES examines its role in nitrogen cycling and soil fertility.
213
Denitrification
Denitrification is the conversion of nitrates back into nitrogen gas by bacteria. APES explores its role in the nitrogen cycle and its impact on soil nitrogen availability.
214
Consumption
Consumption is the process by which organisms take in food or other materials for energy. APES studies its role in nutrient cycling and energy flow within ecosystems.
215
Decomposition
Decomposition is the breakdown of organic material into simpler substances by decomposers like bacteria and fungi. APES focuses on its role in nutrient recycling and soil fertility.
216
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert oxygen and glucose into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. APES examines its role in energy flow and carbon cycling.
217
Burial & Pressure
Burial & pressure refer to the transformation of organic material into fossil fuels over geological time. APES studies this process in the context of carbon storage and fossil fuel formation.
218
Gas Exchange
Gas exchange is the process of exchanging gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between organisms and their environment. APES examines its role in respiration and photosynthesis.
219
Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the process of particles settling at the bottom of a liquid. APES studies its role in the formation of sediments, soil, and the carbon cycle.
220
Extraction/Combustion
Extraction is the process of removing natural resources, while combustion is the burning of fossil fuels for energy. APES focuses on their environmental impacts, including pollution and resource depletion.
221
Phosphorus Cycle
The phosphorus cycle describes the movement of phosphorus through the environment, particularly in soil, water, and organisms. APES examines its role in plant growth and the ecosystem.
222
Weathering/erosion
Weathering and erosion are processes that break down rocks and minerals, shaping landscapes. APES focuses on their role in nutrient cycling and soil formation.
223
Absorption/root uptake
Absorption and root uptake refer to how plants take in nutrients and water through their roots. APES studies these processes as part of the nutrient cycles that sustain plant growth.
224
Green Revolution
The Green Revolution refers to a series of agricultural innovations that increased food production. APES examines its environmental impacts, such as overuse of pesticides and water.
225
Soil horizons
Soil horizons are the distinct layers of soil that differ in texture, composition, and nutrient content. APES studies these layers to understand soil fertility and plant growth.
226
Fertilizers (organic vs. inorganic)
Organic fertilizers are derived from natural materials, while inorganic fertilizers are synthetic. APES examines their effects on soil health, nutrient runoff, and water pollution.
227
Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the process by which nitrogen moves through the atmosphere, soil, and organisms. APES explores its role in plant growth, ecosystem balance, and pollution.
228
Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through Earth's systems, including the atmosphere, oceans, and organisms. APES studies it in relation to climate change and energy flow.
229
Crop rotation
Crop rotation involves alternating the types of crops planted in a field to maintain soil health and reduce pest buildup. APES examines its role in sustainable agriculture.
230
Contour farming
Contour farming involves plowing along the contours of a slope to reduce soil erosion. APES focuses on its effectiveness in conserving soil and water in agriculture.
231
Terracing
Terracing is the creation of stepped levels on steep slopes to reduce soil erosion and water runoff. APES highlights its role in sustainable farming and land conservation.
232
Intercropping
Intercropping involves planting different crops in close proximity to each other to promote biodiversity and reduce pest pressure. APES examines its role in sustainable agriculture.
233
Shelterbelts
Shelterbelts are rows of trees planted to protect crops from wind and reduce soil erosion. APES studies their role in preserving soil health and supporting agricultural productivity.
234
Reduced tillage
Reduced tillage is a farming practice that minimizes soil disturbance to preserve soil structure and prevent erosion. APES focuses on its role in maintaining soil fertility and reducing water loss.
235
Cover cropping
Cover cropping involves planting crops that help protect soil during off-seasons. APES examines its role in preventing erosion, improving soil fertility, and supporting biodiversity.
236
Plants as natural repellants
Some plants release chemicals that repel pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. APES explores the role of such plants in integrated pest management and sustainable farming.
237
Plant habitat to attract pests' predators
This strategy involves planting certain species to attract natural predators of pests. APES examines its use in reducing pesticide reliance and promoting ecological balance in agriculture.
238
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is the process by which excess nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, cause excessive algae growth in water bodies. APES studies its effects on aquatic ecosystems and water quality.
239
Biological oxygen demand
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) measures the amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to decompose organic material in water. APES uses BOD to assess water quality and pollution levels.
240
Dissolved oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is the oxygen that is present in water and available for aquatic organisms to breathe. APES studies its role in maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems.
241
Pesticides
Pesticides are chemicals used to kill or control pests in agriculture. APES explores their environmental impacts, including pesticide resistance, bioaccumulation, and harm to non-target species.
242
Pesticide resistance
Pesticide resistance occurs when pests evolve to withstand the effects of pesticides. APES examines its consequences for pest control and the effectiveness of pesticide use.
243
Pesticide treadmill
The pesticide treadmill refers to the cycle of increased pesticide use due to resistance, leading to higher costs and greater environmental damage. APES studies its role in unsustainable agriculture.
244
Biological controls
Biological controls are natural predators, parasites, or pathogens used to manage pests. APES examines their role in sustainable agriculture and integrated pest management.
245
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach to pest control that combines biological, chemical, and cultural practices to minimize environmental impact. APES highlights its role in sustainable farming.
246
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered to enhance desirable traits. APES explores their potential benefits and risks in agriculture and the environment.
247
Irrigation
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to crops to support growth. APES examines its role in agriculture and its potential impacts on water resources and ecosystems.
248
Soil salinization
Soil salinization is the accumulation of soluble salts in soil, which can inhibit plant growth. APES studies its causes, including over-irrigation, and its impact on agricultural productivity.
249
Waterlogging
Waterlogging occurs when soil becomes saturated with water, reducing oxygen availability to plant roots. APES focuses on its effects on crop growth and soil health.
250
Drip irrigation
Drip irrigation is an efficient irrigation method that delivers water directly to plant roots. APES examines its role in conserving water and improving agricultural efficiency.
251
Furrow irrigation
Furrow irrigation involves channeling water through furrows or trenches between rows of crops. APES discusses its use in traditional farming and its impact on water use and soil erosion.
252
Flood irrigation
Flood irrigation involves flooding fields with water to irrigate crops. APES examines its efficiency, water use, and environmental impacts.
253
Spray irrigation
Spray irrigation involves spraying water over crops like rain. APES explores its efficiency, water use, and environmental effects compared to other irrigation methods.
254
Evaporation
Evaporation is the process by which water changes from liquid to vapor, typically due to heat. APES studies its role in the water cycle and climate.
255
Runoff
Runoff is the movement of water over land, typically after precipitation, that can carry pollutants into water bodies. APES examines its impact on water quality and ecosystems.
256
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)
CAFOs are large-scale industrial farms where animals are raised in high-density conditions. APES focuses on their environmental impacts, including water pollution and ethical concerns.
257
Overgrazing
Overgrazing occurs when livestock consume too much vegetation, preventing plant regrowth and leading to soil degradation. APES examines its role in desertification and ecosystem loss.
258
Desertification
Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert due to factors like overgrazing and deforestation. APES focuses on its impact on ecosystems and human populations.
259
Free-range grazing
Free-range grazing involves allowing livestock to roam freely on natural land. APES studies its benefits and drawbacks in terms of land management and sustainability.
260
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve to resist the effects of antibiotics. APES explores its impact on public health, agriculture, and the environment.
261
Cultivation controls
Cultivation controls are practices used to manage crop growth and reduce pests, diseases, and soil erosion. APES focuses on sustainable agricultural practices and soil health.
262
Sequestration
Sequestration refers to the long-term storage of carbon in natural systems, such as forests and soils. APES discusses its role in mitigating climate change and carbon emissions.
263
Carbon sink
A carbon sink is a natural reservoir that absorbs more carbon than it releases, such as forests and oceans. APES explores its
264
Carbon reservoir
Natural or artificial systems that store carbon for extended periods, such as forests, oceans, or fossil fuels. These reservoirs play a critical role in the Earth's carbon cycle and mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon.
265
Fossil fuels
Energy resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas formed from ancient organic matter. Their combustion releases carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change.
266
Biome
A large ecological area with characteristic plants, animals, and climate. Examples include deserts, rainforests, and tundras. Understanding biomes helps in studying biodiversity and adaptation strategies of organisms.
267
Intertidal zone
The area between high and low tide marks in coastal areas. It hosts a variety of species adapted to changing water levels and is a critical part of coastal ecosystems.
268
Wetland
Ecosystems where water saturation is the primary factor controlling plant and animal life. Wetlands help with water filtration, flood control, and habitat for many species.
269
Invasive species
Non-native species that cause harm to ecosystems, human health, or the economy. They often disrupt local biodiversity and can be difficult to control.
270
Migration
The seasonal movement of species from one region to another. Migration is crucial for survival and reproduction in many species, especially birds and marine animals.
271
Convergent plate boundary (subduction zone)
Where two tectonic plates collide, and one plate is forced beneath the other. This process can create mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes.
272
Divergent plate boundary
A boundary where two tectonic plates move away from each other. It is often associated with mid-ocean ridges and the formation of new crust.
273
Transform plate boundary
A boundary where two tectonic plates slide past each other. This often leads to earthquakes as the plates rub against each other.
274
Plate tectonics
The theory explaining the movement of Earth's lithosphere on the fluid asthenosphere beneath. Plate movements shape the Earth's surface and cause geological events like earthquakes and volcanoes.
275
Commercial fishing
The practice of catching fish and other seafood for commercial sale. Overfishing and unsustainable practices can deplete fish populations and disrupt ecosystems.
276
Overfishing
The removal of fish from ecosystems at a rate faster than they can naturally replenish, leading to population decline and potential ecosystem collapse.
277
Aquaculture
The farming of aquatic organisms like fish and shellfish. While it can provide a sustainable food source, poor management practices can cause environmental harm.
278
Antibiotics
Medications used to treat bacterial infections. Overuse of antibiotics in agriculture and medicine can lead to antibiotic resistance, making infections harder to treat.
279
Boom
A period of rapid population growth, often due to favorable environmental conditions or resources. It can lead to increased competition and potential resource depletion.
280
Skimmer
A tool or device used to remove floating debris or pollutants from water surfaces, often used in oil spill clean-up efforts or waste management systems.
281
Sorbent
A material used to absorb or adsorb liquids, often applied in cleaning up oil spills or chemical waste.
282
Dispersant
A chemical used to break up oil spills into smaller droplets, allowing the oil to disperse in the water and be broken down by microbes more efficiently.
283
Stratospheric ozone layer
A layer of ozone gas located in the stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, protecting life on Earth from UV damage.
284
Ozone hole
A region of the stratosphere with significantly reduced ozone concentrations. It is primarily caused by human-made chemicals like CFCs and leads to increased UV exposure on Earth.
285
Montreal Protocol
An international treaty designed to phase out substances that deplete the ozone layer, such as CFCs. Its success has significantly reduced ozone-depleting chemicals in the atmosphere.
286
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Synthetic compounds used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and aerosol propellants. They are responsible for ozone depletion in the stratosphere.
287
Greenhouse Effect
The warming of Earth’s surface due to the trapping of heat by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. This effect is vital for maintaining Earth’s temperature but is intensified by human activity.
288
Greenhouse gases
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. They are key contributors to global warming and climate change.
289
Water vapor
The gaseous state of water, which plays a major role in the Earth's climate system by trapping heat as a potent greenhouse gas.
290
Methane
A potent greenhouse gas released by agriculture, landfills, and fossil fuel extraction. It has a much stronger warming effect than carbon dioxide over a short period of time.
291
Global warming potential
A measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere over a specific time period, relative to carbon dioxide. Methane has a much higher global warming potential than CO2.
292
Climate change
Long-term changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and other climate indicators, largely driven by human activities such as fossil fuel burning.
293
Sea level rise
The increase in global sea levels caused by the melting of polar ice and thermal expansion of seawater due to climate change. This threatens coastal areas with flooding.
294
Thermal expansion
The expansion of water as it warms. As the planet heats up, the ocean water expands, contributing to rising sea levels.
295
Hurricane intensity
The strength of hurricanes, which is increasing due to higher sea surface temperatures and climate change, leading to more destructive storms.
296
Heat waves/droughts
Extreme periods of high temperature or low precipitation that can lead to crop failures, water shortages, and heat-related illnesses.
297
Wildfire
Fires that spread uncontrollably through forests and other vegetation, often worsened by dry conditions and climate change. They can have significant ecological and economic impacts.
298
Extension of growing season
The lengthening of the period in which crops can be grown due to warmer temperatures. While this can increase agricultural productivity, it also brings risks like pest invasions.
299
Expansion of vectors (pests and disease)
The spread of disease-carrying organisms, such as mosquitoes, due to changing climate conditions. This increases the risk of diseases like malaria and dengue fever.
300
Arctic and Antarctic sea ice
Ice masses in the polar regions that are melting at an accelerated rate due to global warming, which impacts wildlife, sea levels, and global climate patterns.
301
Snowpack and glacial melt
The melting of snow and glaciers due to rising temperatures, which can lead to water shortages, particularly in regions that rely on seasonal meltwater for agriculture.
302
Marine species distribution
The changing patterns of marine species due to shifts in ocean temperatures, acidity, and currents. These shifts can affect global fisheries and biodiversity.
303
Ocean warming
The increase in ocean temperatures due to climate change. This can disrupt marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, and affect species distribution.
304
Ocean acidification
The decrease in pH of ocean water due to the absorption of excess carbon dioxide. It harms marine life, especially organisms with calcium carbonate shells, like corals and shellfish.
305
Slowing ocean current circulation
The reduction in the strength of ocean currents due to climate change. This can disrupt global climate systems and marine ecosystems.
306
Decreases in biodiversity
The reduction in the variety of life on Earth, often due to human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. It can weaken ecosystem services.
307
Age structure diagram
A graphical representation of the age distribution within a population. It helps predict trends in population growth, reproductive health, and potential environmental impacts.
308
Doubling time
The period it takes for a population to double in size, calculated using the Rule of 70. It's a key concept in population dynamics and forecasting.
309
Demographic transition
The shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country industrializes. This affects population growth and resource use.
310
Acidity
The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, which affects environmental processes such as soil pH and the health of aquatic ecosystems.
311
Alkalinity
The ability of a solution to neutralize acids, important in buffering systems like ocean waters and soils, helping to maintain ecological balance.
312
Hydrogen ions
Positively charged particles that influence the pH of a solution. An excess of hydrogen ions causes acidity, while a shortage leads to alkalinity.
313
Carbonic acid
A weak acid formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. It plays a significant role in ocean acidification.
314
Calcium carbonate
A compound found in the shells of marine organisms and in limestone. It reacts with carbonic acid in water, and its dissolution is impacted by ocean acidification.
315
Bicarbonate ions
Formed when carbon dioxide reacts with water, bicarbonate ions are part of the buffering system that helps regulate pH levels in oceans and freshwater.
316
Carbonate ions
These ions play a crucial role in maintaining pH balance in aquatic systems and are essential for the formation of shells and coral reefs.
317
Organisms get M.A.D.
Stands for Migration, Adaptation, or Death, describing how species may respond to environmental stress caused by climate change or other factors.
318
Range of tolerance
The range of environmental conditions, such as temperature or salinity, within which an organism can survive. Beyond this range, the organism may not thrive.
319
Coral bleaching
The process where corals expel their symbiotic algae due to stress, often caused by temperature increases, leading to loss of color and vitality.
320
Nuclear fission
A nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus splits into smaller parts, releasing energy. It is used in nuclear power plants but produces radioactive waste.
321
Uranium-235
An isotope of uranium used as fuel in nuclear reactors. When it undergoes fission, it releases a large amount of energy.
322
Neutrons
Subatomic particles that play a key role in nuclear reactions. They are used to initiate the fission process in uranium-based nuclear reactors.
323
Biomass/biofuels
Organic materials, such as wood or crop residues, used as fuel. Biomass is considered a renewable energy source, though its environmental impact depends on sourcing and combustion methods.
324
Hydroelectric dams (run-of-the-river dams)
Dams that generate electricity by using the flow of river water. They are considered renewable but can have significant ecological impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
325
Solar / photovoltaic cells
Devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. They are a clean energy source with growing use in renewable energy systems.
326
Wind/wind turbine
A device that uses wind to generate electricity. Wind energy is a clean and renewable resource, though it requires specific geographic conditions.
327
Geothermal
The use of heat from beneath Earth's surface to generate electricity or heat buildings. It is a renewable energy source with minimal environmental impact.
328
Hydrogen fuel cell
A type of fuel cell that uses hydrogen gas to produce electricity, with water as the only byproduct. It is a promising clean energy source for various applications.
