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AP Environmental Science > APES Test 1 > Flashcards

APES Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. What is symbiosis? What types of species interactions are examples of symbiosis?
A

Symbiosis refers to the long-term relationships between two species in an ecosystem. The types of symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

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2
Q
  1. What is mutualism? Give an example.
A

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the interaction. An example of this is when a bee pollinates flowers (bee collects nectar, then spreads flower’s pollen)

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3
Q
  1. What is commensalism? Give an example.
A

Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, and the other is unaffected. An example of this is when a squirrel seeks shelter in a tree, which is unaffected by the squirrel’s presence.

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4
Q
  1. What is parasitism? Give an example.
A

Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, and the other is negatively impacted. An example of this is leeches, which suck on the blood of other organisms, benefiting the leech but hurting the other species.

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5
Q
  1. What is competition? Given an example.
A

Competition refers to the idea that organisms of the same species will compete for natural resources needed for survival within an ecosystem. An example of this two distinct groups of apes fighting over territory and border distributions.

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6
Q
  1. What is predation? Give an example.
A

Predation refers to the general idea of when a predator feeds on prey. An example of this is wolves and foxes hunting pygmy rabbits.

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7
Q
  1. How can changes in resource availability affect different species interactions?
A
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8
Q
  1. What is primary productivity?
A

Primary productivity is rate at which solar energy is converted to organic compounds (like glucose) through photosynthesis.

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9
Q
  1. What is gross primary productivity? How do you calculate it?
A

Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy produced from photosynthesis within a region. If given net primary productivity (NPP) and cellular respiration, gross primary productivity can be calculated like this: GPP = NPP + cellular respiration

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10
Q
  1. What is net primary productivity? How do you calculate it?
A

Net primary productivity is the amount of energy that can move up in the food chain after cellular respiration. If given gross primary productivity (GPP) and cellular respiration, net primary productivity can be calculated like this: NPP = GPP - cellular respiration

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11
Q
  1. How would human activity, like deforestation and clear cutting, affect the primary productivity of a forest?
A

Deforestation and clearcutting results in the removal of a lot of trees that play a critical role towards the gross primary productivity, meaning that a lot less energy is produced. This impacts overall impacts primary productivity and the rest of the forest because the net primary productivity, as a result of a lower gross primary productivity, will be less, meaning that less energy can be transferred to species higher in the food chain.

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12
Q

1.8 vocab: photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis refers to the process of
plants (producers) converting solar energy into energy.

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13
Q
  1. Which direction does energy flow through a food chain/food web?
A
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14
Q
  1. Only certain organisms can harness energy from the sun. What are these organisms called?
A

The certain organisms that can harness energy from the sun are called producers (autotroph), which are able to perform photosynthesis.

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15
Q

vocab 1.9: trophic levels

A

Trophic levels refer to the successive levels of organisms consuming each other (the different levels in the pyramid).

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16
Q
  1. How much energy transfers from one trophic level to the next? Be able to calculate this given a word problem.
A

About 10% of energy transfers from one trophic level to the next, hence the name the 10% rule.

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17
Q
  1. What happens to the ~90% of energy not transferred to the next trophic level?
A
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18
Q
  1. How is a food web different from a food chain?
A

Although similar, a food web depicts the species interactions for a whole ecosystem, comprised of several food chains. On the other hand, a food chain only depicts how energy flows from one organism to the next, in a linear relationship between species.

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19
Q
  1. What is the significance of the direction of the arrows in a food web?
A

The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of which energy is transferred towards in terms of trophic levels. For example: producers –> primary consumers –> secondary consumers –> tertiary consumers, etc.

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20
Q
  1. Given a food web, be able to explain how a change in the population of one species will impact another.
A

If there is too much of one species, it could consume too much of the species below it, causing the lower trophic level is run out and there eventually not being enough food later on. If there is too little of one species, other species might not be able to remain controlled and other populations could grow uncontrollably.

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21
Q
  1. Given a description, be able to create a food web for an ecosystem.
A

N/A

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22
Q

2.1 vocab: biodiversity

A

Biodiversity refers to the amount of different species living in an area at a given time.

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23
Q

2.1 vocab: species richness

A

Species richness refers to the abundance of food, habitat, and ecosystem services.

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24
Q

2.1 vocab: genetic diversity

A

Genetic diversity refers to how many genes are present in a gene pool. It makes a species more resilient since it is more likely that the species will develop resistance faster.

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25
Q

2.1 vocab: habitat loss

A
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26
Q
  1. Give examples of provisioning services.
A
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27
Q
  1. Give examples of regulating services.
A
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28
Q
  1. Give examples of supporting services.
A
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29
Q
  1. Give examples of cultural services.
A
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30
Q
  1. What are some abiotic factors to consider when analyzing the ecological tolerance of a species?
A
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31
Q
  1. How could human disturbances (like deforestation) affect the ecological tolerance of species?
A
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32
Q

2.4 vocab: ecological tolerance

A

Ecological tolerance refers to the range of conditions, such as temperature, salinity, flow rate, and sunlight, that an organism can endure before injury or death results.

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33
Q

2.4 vocab: abiotic factors

A
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34
Q
  1. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
A
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35
Q
  1. How do keystone species influence ecosystems and their food webs?
A

A keystone species in an ecosystem is a species whose activities have a particularly significant role in determining community structure. This could be due to their ability to control the population of a specific species in a food web, if left uncontrolled, would devastate the entire ecosystem.

36
Q
  1. Are pioneer species more likely to be K-selected or r-selected? Why?
A

Pioneer species are more likely to be r-selected species since r-selected species have high intrinsic growth rates, meaning that the species can quickly reproduce. This is likely to be a characteristic of a pioneer species since they need to be adaptable and quick to reproduce in new environments.

37
Q
  1. A forest experiences a high intensity wildfire. Explain how you think succession will occur in the area.
A
38
Q

2.7 vocab: ecological succession

A
39
Q

2.7 vocab: pioneer species

A
40
Q
  1. What are key characteristics of specialists?
A

Specialist species are ones that require very specific needs in order to survive (low ecological tolerance).

41
Q
  1. What are key characteristics in generalists?
A

Generalist species are one that can survive on a range of conditions and eat a variety of foods (high ecological tolerance).

42
Q
  1. Are generalists or specialists more likely to adapt in times of great change (e.g. after a large wildfire or clear cutting)? Why?
A

Generalist species are more likely to adapt in times of great change because they have high ecological tolerance, meaning that they can survive in a wider range of conditions, therefore meaning that they could better adapt to the new conditions following a great change to the ecosystem/environment.

43
Q
  1. What are key characteristics of K-selected species?
A

A K-selected species is one with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity.

44
Q
  1. What are key characteristics in r-selected species?
A

A r-selected species is one that has a high intrinsic growth rate, which often leads to population overshoots and die-offs.

45
Q
  1. Are generalists or specialists more likely to be invasive species? Why?
A

Generalists are more likely to be an invasive species because they have higher ecological tolerance and are better able to adapt to the conditions in different regions and find ways to prosper.

46
Q
  1. Would K-selected or r-selected species be more adversely affected by invasive species? Why?
A

K-selected species would be more adversely affected by invasive species compared to r-selected species because K-selected species have slower reproductive rates, longer generation times, and are typically adapted to stable environments, making them less resilient to competition from rapidly reproducing invasive species that can quickly exploit new habitats.

47
Q
  1. What survivorship curve(s) do K-selected species typically follow?
A

Type 1 (high survivability rates at young age, lots die at old age)

48
Q
  1. What survivorship curve(s) do r-selected species typically follow?
A

Type 3 (low survivability at young age, few survive to old age)

49
Q
  1. Be able to identify survivorship graphs based odd information provided and/or given a picture of the curves.
A
50
Q
  1. Describe carrying capacity and factors that can influence a populations carrying capacity.
A
51
Q
  1. Explain what happens when a population exceeds its carrying capacity (use terms “overshoot” and “die-off”).
A
52
Q

3.4 vocab: overshoot

A
53
Q

3.4 vocab: die off

A
54
Q

3.4 vocab: J curve / exponential growth

A
55
Q

3.4 vocab: S curve / logistic growth

A
56
Q
  1. How do limiting resources influence population growth? Give some examples of limiting factors.
A
57
Q
  1. If the resources a populations needs are abundant, what would happen to the rate of population growth? What happens when there aren’t enough resources?
A
58
Q

3.5 vocab: density dependent factors

A
59
Q

3.5 vocab: density independent factors

A
60
Q
  1. Describe the tragedy of the commons.
A
61
Q
  1. What are strategies for preventing or mitigating the tragedy of the commons?
A
62
Q
  1. Give some examples of the tragedy of the commons.
A
63
Q
  1. What are the economic aspects/factors of clearcutting?
A
64
Q
  1. What are the environmental aspects/factors of clearcutting?
A
65
Q
  1. What are the social aspects/factors of clearcutting?
A
66
Q
  1. How does clear cutting contribute to climate change?
A
67
Q

5.2 vocab: clearcutting

A
68
Q

5.2 vocab: deforestation

A
69
Q
  1. Slash-and-burn farming is a practice that is commonly used in agriculture to clear large areas of trees quickly. What are the environmental impacts of this practice?
A
70
Q

5.4 vocab: slash and burn farming

A
71
Q
  1. What are some methods for mitigating deforestation?
A
72
Q
  1. What are prescribed burns? Why are they beneficial?
A
73
Q

5.17 vocab: selective cutting

A

Selective cutting mimics the natural way an ecosystem works, cutting down trees that are damaged, diseased, or old and will fall.

74
Q
  1. What are invasive species? How do they affect native species?
A

Invasive species are ones that come from a foreign region and are presented in a new location in which they can prosper. Most commonly, these invasive species take up the resources needed by native species and disrupt the local ecosystem.

75
Q
  1. Are invasive species normally generalists or specialists? K-selected or r-selected? How do you know?
A
76
Q
  1. What are some human activities that might endanger other species?
A
77
Q
  1. How does genetic diversity help prevent species from being considered endangered?
A
78
Q
  1. How could competition contribute to the endangerment of species?
A

Competition most often comes from there being a limiting resource, necessitating competition for species to get the natural resources they need to survive. If the amount of available resources is less, species will need to work harder to get those resources, meaning that others will not get access to these vital resources, resulting in their death.

79
Q
  1. What can humans do to protect animal populations from becoming endangered?
A
80
Q
  1. Describe what habitat fragmentation is and how it affects biodiversity.
A
81
Q
  1. How do habitat destruction, invasive species, and overexploitation affect biodiversity?
A
82
Q
  1. What can humans do to mitigate the impact of habitat fragmentation and the loss of biodiversity?
A
83
Q

9.10 vocab: overexplotation

A
84
Q

9.10 vocab: habitat restoration

A
85
Q

9.10 vocab: habitat corridors

A

AP Environmental Science (4 decks)

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