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Chemistry Y10 > Ever changing earth > Flashcards

Ever changing earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Inner core

A

-This is the densest part of the Earth
-it is solid because of the very high pressure
-its made out of iron and nickel

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2
Q

Molten iron outer core

A

-This is a dense liquid
-made of molten iron and nickel
-both of these metals are magnetic
- they make the earth behave like a giant magnet

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3
Q

mantle

A

-under the crust
-this layer goes down almost halfway to the centre of the earth
-most rock in it is solid , but just under the crust its almost molten
-

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4
Q

crust

A
  • it can be as thin as 5km under the oceans
  • going up to about 70km under the continents
    -its the least dense of earths layers
  • contains minerals
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5
Q

the atmosphere

A
  • 80% of the air lies within 10km of the surface
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6
Q

what is the upper part of the mantle and crust called

A

lithosphere

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7
Q

convection currents

A

these occur in the mantle, acts like a conveyor belt for the plates.
plates move in different directions, this is determined by which way the convection currents are flowing.
hot liquid rock rises while cool liquid rock sinks back down

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8
Q

what are formed by divergent/ constructive plate boundary

A

new oceanic floor (igneous rock) are formed

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9
Q

transform/ conservative boundary effect

A

earthquakes

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10
Q

who invented the theory of plate tectonics

A

Alfred Wegner

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11
Q

what is the earth’s structure made up of

A

4 layers
- crust
- inner core
- outer core
- mantle

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12
Q

how many tectonic plates are there

A

7

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13
Q

what was Alfred Wegner

A

he was a German polar researcher, geophysicist and meteorologist

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14
Q

what was wegner’s earlier theory

A

that billions of years ago all the continents had been a single super continent called Pangea, his theory suggested that overtime the continents broke up and drifted apart

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15
Q

when was his pieces of evidence to back up his theory accepted

A

1960 years after he died

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16
Q

what were the pieces of evidence that backed up wegner’s theory

A
  • matching fossils found on different continents separated by vast oceans
  • the coastlines of some continents fit together like jigsaw
  • similar rock formations on different continents
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17
Q

why did scientists not believe his theory

A

because earlier he couldnt explain how they moved

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18
Q

conservative boundary

A

plates move in opposite directions (side by side). they overcome friction and move suddenly. this is an earthquake

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19
Q

destructive boundary

A

plates move towards eachother. the denser plate sinks and melts. the less dense plates rises, forming mountaions

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20
Q

constructive boundary

A

as two plates move apart, magma rises into the gap. then the magma cool and solidifies to form new igneous rocks

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21
Q

tectonic plates

A

these plates are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle

22
Q

1st step of the atmosphere

A

the earth was formed and had an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium gases

23
Q

2nd step of the atmosphere

A

erupting volcanoes releases new gases into the air. the main gases were steam and carbon dioxide with some methane and ammonia being releases

24
Q

3rd step of atmosphere

A

as the earth cooled down, the steam condensed and fell as rain. this is how the oceans were formed

25
Q

4th step of the atmosphere

A

plant life developed in the oceans. they used up CO2 gas and released O2. most of CO2 was absorbed in limestone rock

26
Q

5th step of atmosphere

A

some of the oxygen released by plants turned into ozone. Ozone stops harmful rays from the sun reaching the surface making it possible to live on land

27
Q

6th step of atmosphere

A

some of the oxygen reacted with ammonia, giving off nitrogen. more nitrogen was also formed by bacteria living in the soil

28
Q

7th step of the atmosphere

A

animal life develops as it is protected from the sun is ozone and can use the oxygen for respiration

29
Q

8th step of the atmosphere

A

eventually about 200 million years ago the atmosphere reached the mixture we have today of roughly 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen

30
Q

which volcanic gases made up the earths early atmosphere

A

methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and steam

31
Q

whats happened over the years in the atmosphere

A
  • the water vapour condensed and fell as rain
  • the carbon dioxide has been absorbed into rock meaning over the years its decreased
32
Q

how do you test for Carbon Dioxide

A

you put acid on to calcium carbonate and put the rubber cap on, then you put the tube into the lime water producing bubbles

33
Q

what do you see when carbon dioxide is blown through lime water

A

limewater turns milky

34
Q

how do you test for oxygen

A

you lit a splint and took of the rubber cap of, ou then blow out the fire so it glows orange and then you place the splint in the oxygen gas

35
Q

what do you see when you test for oxygen

A

it caught fire and made a pop sound

36
Q

whats the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

A

0.04%

37
Q

whats the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere

A

21%

38
Q

whats the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere

A

78%

39
Q

whats the percentage of argon in the atmosphere

A

0.9%

40
Q

photosynthesis in the atmosphere

A

carbon dioxide is removed through the air by photosynthesis

41
Q

respiration in the atmosphere

A

carbon dioxide is returned into the air through respiration by all living things and produces oxygen which is used by all living things

42
Q

combustion in the atmosphere

A

carbon dioxide is returned into he air through the combustion of fossil fuels

43
Q

environmental effects of the emission of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere

A
  • acid rain
    -global warming
    -increased levels of carbon dioxide
44
Q

acid rain

A

sulphur dioxide dissolves in the water vapour in the atmosphere and condense into clouds which then produce acid rain

45
Q

negatives about acid rain

A
  • can kill wildlife
  • conifer trees affected
  • can cause damage to limestone buildings
46
Q

consequences of global warming

A
  • can cause change in weather patterns
    -quicker melting ice caps
    -rising sea levels
47
Q

global warming

A

the warming of the earth that can be made worse when there are extra gases like carbn dioxide

48
Q

how can we reduce global warming

A

by using a method called carbon capture

49
Q

what is carbon capture

A

this is storing the carbon dioxide produced under the sea or underground

50
Q

combustion of fossil fuels

A

Chemistry Y10 (3 decks)

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