evaluation of feed quality Flashcards
stand out as the two major problems in feed production.
poor feed quality and adulterated feed ingredients
have set up quality control laboratories which test the ingredients with the end view.
big feedmills
typical, bright, uniform color
color
clean, characteristic smell, no evidence of over-cooking and under-cooking as in the case of beans
odor
reasonable particle size for the product.
texture
non-sticking, no wet spots, free flowing.
moisture
consistent in color and texture
uniformity
no evidence of heating
temperature
characteristics of the bags of finished feeds, concentrates, premixes that need careful and through inspection.
° clumps, moldy spots
° musty, moldy or “off” odor
° wet spots
° hot spots
° excessive fine or very coarse pieces or combination of both
° excessive foreign materials
° evidence of rodents, birds infestation
it is the study of the appearance of the feed sample under the microscope.
feed microscopy
involves minimal cost
feed microscopy
equipment and instruments required for feed microscopy are;
° low power stereo-microscope
° set of sieves
° illuminator
° twizzer or forceps
° probe or needle
° spot plate and a set of standards
the collection of representative samples is essential for an effective quality control program.
sampling and sample preparation
this could be done either by screening or flotation.
separation
removes the fine starch dusts from the particles for easy identification.
screening method
it is necessary to separate the organic and inorganic fractions of the feed sample.
flotation technique
a small amount of feed sample is placed in spot plate/petri dish and observed under the microscope.
examination
widely used as an index of nutritive value of the feed, although it does not define the nutrient content of the feeds.
proximate analysis
a feed ingredient is analyzed into six fractions namely;
moisture, crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE) or crude fat, , crude protein (CP), ash and nitrogen-free extract (NFE)
the water content depends on the kind of feed.
moisture
the percentage amount of water in feeds is determined by placing a weighed sample in a crucible which is then heated in the oven at??
100°+5°C
the first analysis given on the feed tag, is a calculation resulting from determination of the percent nitrogen (N) in the feed.
Crude Protein (CP)
includes all the portions of a feed soluble in ether. it commonly referred to as a EE.
Ether Extract (EE) or crude fat
contains the true fats in feeds, which on hydrolysis yields essential fatty acids (EFA) that are essential to maintain the normal functions of the body.
Ether Extract (EE)
composed of the fibrous portions of plants, relatively low in digestibility and in nutritive value.
Crude Fiber (CF)
major components of crude fiber
cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
is the mineral matter of the substance that remains after burning off the dry matter.
ash
is a mixture of all starches and sugars plus some hemicellulose and much of the lignin.
nitrogen-free extract
