Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Psychology > Evaluating Outcomes > Flashcards

Evaluating Outcomes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is the main aim of psychometric testing in clinical psychology?

A

To evaluate constructs such as cognitive abilities and emotional wellbeing

Constructs refer to the underlying traits or characteristics that psychometric tests seek to measure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the key constructs measured in neuropsychological assessments?

A
  • Attention
  • Orientation
  • Perception and/or visuospatial skills
  • Speed of processing
  • Memory
  • Language
  • Praxis
  • Executive function

These constructs help identify cognitive difficulties linked to neurological conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) measure?

A

Detects mild cognitive impairment

MoCA provides a score out of 30, with <26 indicating cognitive impairment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the sensitivity of the MoCA for detecting mild cognitive impairment compared to the MMSE?

A

MoCA: 90% sensitivity; MMSE: 18% sensitivity

Sensitivity refers to the test’s ability to correctly identify those with the condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the term ‘psychometrics’ refer to?

A

The field focused on building and evaluating psychological tests

Psychometrics ensures that tests are reliable and valid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of validity in psychometric testing?

A
  • Face validity
  • Construct validity
  • Concurrent validity
  • Predictive validity

Each type assesses different aspects of how well a test measures what it claims to measure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is reliability in the context of psychometric testing?

A

The consistency of test results across multiple administrations

Reliability can be assessed through test-retest, inter-rater, internal consistency, and parallel versions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the potential consequences of incorrect psychometric testing?

A
  • Wrong neurological diagnosis
  • Understated symptoms leading to lack of help
  • Mislabeling due to language barriers

Incorrect testing can have significant impacts on patient care and treatment outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fill in the blank: The MoCA is often used as a quick measure for excluding cognitive impairment in research samples due to its good _______.

A

psychometric properties

Psychometric properties refer to the reliability and validity of the assessment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False: The MMSE has a higher sensitivity for detecting mild Alzheimer’s disease than the MoCA.

A

False

The MoCA detected 100% of mild Alzheimer’s disease cases, while the MMSE detected 78%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the importance of cultural considerations in psychometric testing?

A

Cultural context can affect test performance and interpretation

Understanding cultural differences is crucial to avoid biases in testing outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the common types of tests used in UK school culture and healthcare?

A
  • SATS
  • GCSEs
  • A levels
  • Personality tests
  • Cognitive tests
  • Emotional wellbeing tests

These tests play significant roles in determining educational and healthcare outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of a clinical psychologist in neuropsychology?

A

To understand and use clinical outcome measures

Clinical psychologists often work with neurological conditions and patient care.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the significance of the statement: ‘a test can be reliable but not valid’?

A

It indicates that a test may consistently produce the same results, but those results may not accurately measure what they are supposed to

This highlights the importance of both reliability and validity in test development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the term ‘norms’ refer to in psychometric testing?

A

A baseline distribution taken from a large, representative sample

Norms help compare an individual’s test performance to that of their peers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of qualitative information can neuropsychological tests provide?

A

Information about cognitive problems, their effects, and potential interventions

This qualitative data is crucial for tailoring treatment plans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the purpose of administering tests in a controlled environment?

A

To allow the client or participant to perform at their best

Controlled conditions help minimize external factors that could affect test outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the recommended cut-off score for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)?

A

26

Four studies indicated this cut-off for assessing dementia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity of MoCA at the cut-off score of 26?

A

High sensitivity of 0.94 or more; low specificity of 0.60 or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the implication of the overall quality and quantity of information regarding MoCA?

A

Insufficient to make recommendations on the clinical utility of MoCA for detecting dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is required for optimal diagnostic utility of MoCA?

A

Further good-quality studies applying diagnostic tests and reference standards prospectively are required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What common neuropsychological assessment evaluates visual attention and task switching?

A

Trail-making test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What cognitive abilities does the trail-making test assess?

A

Visual attention, visuomotor skills, cognitive flexibility, speed of processing, visual search speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Problems on the trail-making test may indicate issues with which part of the brain?

A

Frontal lobe lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the figure copy task evaluate in neuropsychological assessments?

A

Holistic and piecemeal processing of visual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What scoring criteria are used for the figure copy task?

A

Drawing must be three-dimensional, all lines drawn, lines parallel, similar length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a potential issue when assessing a person with neurological symptoms in figure drawing tasks?

A

Coordination and muscle movements may affect performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What alternative rapid screening test for dementia is mentioned?

A

Cube drawing alone as a rapid screening test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What factors can affect performance on 3D drawing tasks?

A

Prior learning, past experience, job, culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What cultural differences may impact visual material processing?

A

People from different cultures may process visual material differently, e.g., US vs. Aboriginal cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the clock drawing task evaluate?

A

Visuoconstructive skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the scoring criteria for the clock drawing task?

A

Contour, correct numbers in order/locations, correct hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What did Price et al. (2011) report about the clock drawing task?

A

Poor interrater and intrarater reliability

34
Q

What influences MoCA scoring according to various studies?

A

Literacy status, education level

35
Q

What discrepancies were found in inter-rater reliability for various tasks?

A

Trail-making 3%, Clock contour 8%, Cube copy 10%, Clock numbers 11%, Clock hands 28%

36
Q

What issue did Cumming et al. (2018) find with raters assessing clock drawing?

A

Raters who had not met the patient were stricter than those who had

37
Q

What does the naming task in MoCA assess?

A

Word-finding or semantic memory difficulties

38
Q

What is tested in the memory section of MoCA?

A

Recall of words (e.g., face, velvet, church, daisy, red)

39
Q

What does the digit span task measure?

A

Retention of auditory stimuli and working memory

40
Q

What does the tapping task in MoCA assess?

A

Sustained attention

41
Q

What cognitive function does the serial 7 subtractions task require?

A

Working memory

42
Q

What does the sentence repetition task differentiate?

A

Attention between Alzheimer’s disease patients and typically aging individuals

43
Q

What does letter fluency assess?

A

Lexical knowledge and executive function

44
Q

What does the abstraction task require from individuals?

A

Use of semantic knowledge and abstract conceptual thinking

45
Q

What does the orientation section of MoCA evaluate?

A

Awareness of day, date, month, year, location, city

46
Q

What is the best independent predictor of functional abilities in daily life for cognitive diagnoses?

A

Problems with orientation

47
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity of errors in identifying the date?

A

High sensitivity (95% accurate testing positive), low specificity (38% false positives)

48
Q

What is the limitation of using test scores clinically?

A

Scores may not demonstrate the complexity of an individual and their difficulties

49
Q

What are some factors that can modulate the experience of psychological testing?

A

Individual differences, cultural differences, social context, financial context

50
Q

What are some common mental health testing scales mentioned?

A

HADS, PHQ9, GAD7, HAMD, HAMA, GHQ

51
Q

What does the Satisfaction with Life Scale measure?

A

Subjective wellbeing

52
Q

What are the problems inherent in testing?

A

Cultural biases, power dynamics, individual differences

53
Q

What is the role of power in the diagnostic process in mental health?

A

Labeling someone with a diagnosis can be validating and offer access to services, but it also comes with negatives.

Consider how representations of people with mental health diagnoses in the media can change treatment by medical systems.

54
Q

What stigma did Abdullah and Brown (2020) find regarding mental illness labels among Black Americans?

A

Schizophrenia and alcohol use disorder were most stigmatized, social anxiety was least stigmatized, and only depression predicted increased desire for social distance.

The study used vignettes to examine responses to various mental health labels.

55
Q

What was a key finding from Mason et al. (2010) regarding healthcare professionals’ perceptions?

A

Those with a personality disorder diagnosis were perceived as needing to be ‘managed’, while those with a mental health diagnosis were seen as needing clinical support.

This was based on a survey of 415 nurses and 129 other healthcare professionals.

56
Q

What problematic history is associated with the development of tests, especially IQ assessments?

A

Some tests have been used to wrongly categorize groups as less intelligent and have served as racist propaganda.

Coerced sterilization targeted people who were poor or belonged to racialized US minorities.

57
Q

What incorrect arguments have been made regarding IQ test results?

A

Results have been argued to prove that socioeconomic and racial groups are genetically different, leading to systemic inequalities.

These hypotheses are based on bad evidence and poor analyses.

58
Q

What is ethnocentrism in psychological assessments?

A

Most tests have been developed in predominantly white, male, Western, middle-class populations.

This raises questions about the assumptions made when using these tests on diverse populations.

59
Q

What did Pugh et al. (2021) find regarding Black Americans in neuropsychology research?

A

37.5% of articles did not report ethnic or racial demographic information, and Black participants comprised only 10.7% of participants in relevant articles.

This is concerning given that Black Americans make up 13% of the population.

60
Q

What did Ray et al. (2022) conclude about the inclusion of Black participants in neuropsychological studies?

A

43% of studies neglected to include sufficient information about participants’ race/ethnicity, and only 34.1% included proportionate or greater percentages of Black participants.

They emphasized the importance of reporting demographic information for inclusive research.

61
Q

What does the Model of Social GRACES encompass?

A

G: Gender, Gender Identity, Geography, Generation
R: Race, Religion
A: Age, Ability, Appearance
C: Class, Culture, Caste
E: Education, Ethnicity, Economics
S: Spirituality, Sexuality, Sexual Orientation

This model helps understand how aspects of identity shape interactions and testing.

62
Q

What is the ethical dilemma regarding psychological tests?

A

Tests have a problematic history, are normed for WEIRD populations, and may not accurately measure cognitive or emotional well-being in many contexts.

Practitioners often use these tests out of necessity despite their limitations.

63
Q

What is stereotype threat and its impact on testing?

A

Stereotype threat occurs when individuals from stigmatized groups feel pressure to confirm negative stereotypes, affecting their performance on tests.

This can lead to anxiety and impact results, particularly in diverse testing situations.

64
Q

What shift is occurring in clinical psychology regarding the context of cognition?

A

There is a movement towards understanding the social or systemic context of cognition and well-being, rather than viewing difficulties as solely individual.

This reflects a growing awareness of how environment affects cognitive outcomes.

65
Q

True or False: The majority of the clinical psychology workforce in England is of white ethnic origin.

A

True.

In 2015, the British Psychological Society found that around 88.2% of the workforce were of white ethnic origin.

66
Q

Fill in the blank: The tests available in psychology are normed for _______ populations.

A

WEIRD

WEIRD stands for Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.

67
Q

What is the title of the study that examines dynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex during a digit span task?

A

Dynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex during digit span task: a near-infrared spectroscopy study

Published in Neuropsychobiology, 63(2):59–65.

68
Q

Who authored the book ‘Interpretation of educational measurements’?

A

T. L. Kelley

Published in 1927 by Macmillan, New York.

69
Q

What factors were studied in relation to the Clock Drawing Test performance?

A

Education, literacy, and dementia

Study by Kim H and Chey J published in the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(6), 1138–46.

70
Q

What was the focus of the survey conducted by Mason et al. in 2010?

A

Perceptions of Diagnostic Labels in Forensic Psychiatric Practice

Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(5), 336-44.

71
Q

What is the significance of the scoring system introduced by Mathew et al. in 2018?

A

A new scoring system and norms for the cube copying test

Performance of cognitively-unimpaired older adults studied in Neurology India, 66(6), 1644-48.

72
Q

What does MoCA stand for?

A

Montreal Cognitive Assessment

A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment, published by Nasreddine et al. in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 4, 695-99.

73
Q

What was the main finding of Nitrini et al. (2004) regarding illiterate and literate elderly subjects?

A

Performance in two tests of long-term memory

Study published in the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(4) 634–8.

74
Q

What is face validity?

A

The degree to which a test appears effective in terms of its stated aims

Revisited by Nevo in the Journal of Educational Measurement, 22(4), 287-293.

75
Q

What does the orientation to time guide in older hospital patients?

A

Presence and severity of cognitive impairment

Study by O’Keeffe et al. published in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 82(5):500–4.

76
Q

What is the main topic discussed in the article by Pedraza and Mungas (2008)?

A

Measurement in Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology

Published in Neuropsychological Review, 18(3), 184-93.

77
Q

What aspect of neuropsychology research does Pugh et al. (2021) address?

A

Representation of U.S. Black Americans

Discussed in The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36, 214-26.

78
Q

Who is the lecturer in clinical psychology mentioned in the document?

A

Dr. Sarah Gunn

Contact: sarah.gunn@le.ac.uk.

79
Q

Fill in the blank: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment is a brief screening tool for _______.

A

Mild Cognitive Impairment

80
Q

True or False: The Clock Drawing Test is solely influenced by education levels.

A

False

It is also influenced by literacy and dementia.

Clinical Psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions