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Molcules and Materials- First year uni > Eutrophication & metals > Flashcards

Eutrophication & metals Flashcards

1
Q

where are the alkali metals found in the periodic table?

A

group 1

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2
Q

describe the pattern of melting and boiling that occurs in group 2 and why?

A
  • decreases melting and boiling point down the group due to weaker forces of attracttion
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3
Q

describe the pattern of reactivity that occurs in group 2 and why?

A
  • reactivity increases down the group
  • because the smaller the atom the closer the outer electrons are to the nucleus.
  • Therefore there is a greater attraction between the nucleus and electrons
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4
Q

What group 2 elements contribute to water hardness?

A
  • calcium

- magnesium

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5
Q

What is an amine?

A

a functional group/ organic compound containing a nitrogen and 2 hydrogens and one side group e.g. RNH2

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6
Q

where are transition metals found in the periodic table?

A

group 3 - 12

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7
Q

name some properties of transition metals (5)

A
  • harder than group 1 and 2
  • higher melting and boiling points
  • higher densities
  • less reactive
  • low solubility
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8
Q

Define a metal

A

an element which readily loses its electrons to form metallic bonds with other metal atoms

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9
Q

Define a metallic bond

A

an electrostatic interaction between a sea of delocalised electrons and a lattice of positively charged nuclei

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10
Q

what is an element’s oxidation number?

A

the normal charge on a given atom considering all electrons associated with that atom

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11
Q

For transition metals, what electrons are lost first ?

A

the 4s electrons

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12
Q

Addition iron consumed through our diet can cause… (30

A

overwhelm gut reduction capacity
undergo redox cycling in gut
boost pathogenic bacterial populations in lower bowek

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13
Q

What is they key to maintaining iron solubility to enable effective uptake in gut?

A
  • protein-bond iron nanoparticles

- iron complexes

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14
Q

what is a chelate?

A

a chemical compound composed of a metal ion and a chealting agent

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15
Q

what is a chelating agent?

A

a substance whose molecules can form several bonds to a single metal ion ( a multidentate ligand)

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16
Q

what is a complex?

A

a species consisting of ligands bonded to a central metal ion

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17
Q

what is a ligand?

A

an ion or molecule attached to a metal atom by coordinate bonding

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18
Q

name some common ligands

A

H2O, NH3, Cn-, Cl-

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19
Q

name some organic ligands

A

carboxylic acids, sulphur containing compounds, prophyins

20
Q

what are teh three different types of ligand bonds?

A
  • bidente
  • tridente
  • polydenate
21
Q

What are the main sources of heavy metal environmental pollution? (5)

A
  • mining, vehicle use, batteries, fertilisers, industrial processes
22
Q

How can heavy metal pollution be prevented by redemediation?

A
  • isolation
  • immobilozation
  • toxicity reduction
  • physical separation
  • extraction
23
Q

How is solubility of metals determined?

A

by balance between bonding strength within elements and interaction with solvent molecules

24
Q

What do group 1 metals form when they react with water?

A
  • hydroxides
25
Q

What do group 2 metals play a key role in?

A
  • CCS (carbon capture system)
26
Q

What kind of compounds do group 2 metals form in the natural environment?

A
  • ionic compounds in the solid state with an oxidation number of +2
27
Q

What is an amine?

A

an organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups (RNH2)

28
Q

Define eutrophication

A

the excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or body of water due to run off from the land which causes a dense growth of plant life and reduction in o2

29
Q

what is the electronic configuration of nitrogen?

A

1s2, 2s2, 2p3

30
Q

How many electrons does nitrogen have on outer valence shell?

A

5 electrons

31
Q

How is nitrogen a limiting nutrient to many ecosystems?

A

because only 0.01% of all species can convert N2 to a useable form (Nr)

32
Q

what is Nr?

A
  • reactive form of nitrogen which includes all biologically, photochemically and radiatively active N compounds in the earth’s atmosphere and biosphere. =
33
Q

how is N2 converted to nr by humans?

A
  • fossil fuel combustion
  • haber bosch process
  • cultivation induced BNF process
34
Q

how much of the atmosphere is nitrogen?

A
  • 78%

- most abundant element in the atmosphere

35
Q

Name some nitrogen compounds and there chemical formula

A

NH3 ammonia
NH4 ammonium
N2 nitrogen
NO2 nitrogen dioxide

36
Q

describe the haber bosch process

A

an artificial nitrogen fixation process and the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today

37
Q

Define nitrogen fixation

A

the chemical process by which atmospheric nitrogen (gaseous molecules) is converted into accessible organic compounds especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle

38
Q

Define nitrification

A

the bacterial conversion of ammonium to nitrate in the presence of oxygen (NH4 > NO3)

39
Q

define nitrogen mineralisation

A

Conversion of organic to inorganic N during decay of dead organisms (organic N > NH4)

40
Q

what is Nitrogen Uptake

A

Nitrogen uptake by living organisms and use in proteins etc NH4+  Organic N

41
Q

What is dentrification?

A

Anaerobic bacterial reduction of inorganic nitrogen NO3- > NO2-> NO > N2O > N2

42
Q

Why is dentrification a significant biological process?

A

The only N transformation that removes reactive nitrogen from the biologically available reserves

43
Q

Name some environmental impacts of reactive nitrogen?(6)

A

smog, forest die back, acidification, ozone hole, global warming, eutrophication

44
Q

name all 5 Environmental Nitrogen Transformations (all stages of the nitrogen cycle) in order

A
  • nitrogen fixation
  • nitrogen uptake
  • nitrogen mineralisation
  • nitrification
  • dentification
45
Q

how does the form of nitrogen changes throughout the nitrogen cycle?

A

N2 > NH4 > N > NH4+ > NO3- >N2

46
Q

What are the solutions for nitrogen in the environment leading to destructive impacts?

A

Control Fossil Fuel Combustion related releases
• Increase N Uptake Efficiencies in Crops & Animals
• Manage Manure
• Improve Sewage Treatment

Molcules and Materials- First year uni (13 decks)

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