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Molcules and Materials- First year uni > Eutrophication & metals > Flashcards

Eutrophication & metals Flashcards

1
Q

where are the alkali metals found in the periodic table?

A

group 1

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2
Q

describe the pattern of melting and boiling that occurs in group 2 and why?

A
  • decreases melting and boiling point down the group due to weaker forces of attracttion
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3
Q

describe the pattern of reactivity that occurs in group 2 and why?

A
  • reactivity increases down the group
  • because the smaller the atom the closer the outer electrons are to the nucleus.
  • Therefore there is a greater attraction between the nucleus and electrons
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4
Q

What group 2 elements contribute to water hardness?

A
  • calcium

- magnesium

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5
Q

What is an amine?

A

a functional group/ organic compound containing a nitrogen and 2 hydrogens and one side group e.g. RNH2

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6
Q

where are transition metals found in the periodic table?

A

group 3 - 12

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7
Q

name some properties of transition metals (5)

A
  • harder than group 1 and 2
  • higher melting and boiling points
  • higher densities
  • less reactive
  • low solubility
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8
Q

Define a metal

A

an element which readily loses its electrons to form metallic bonds with other metal atoms

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9
Q

Define a metallic bond

A

an electrostatic interaction between a sea of delocalised electrons and a lattice of positively charged nuclei

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10
Q

what is an element’s oxidation number?

A

the normal charge on a given atom considering all electrons associated with that atom

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11
Q

For transition metals, what electrons are lost first ?

A

the 4s electrons

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12
Q

Addition iron consumed through our diet can cause… (30

A

overwhelm gut reduction capacity
undergo redox cycling in gut
boost pathogenic bacterial populations in lower bowek

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13
Q

What is they key to maintaining iron solubility to enable effective uptake in gut?

A
  • protein-bond iron nanoparticles

- iron complexes

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14
Q

what is a chelate?

A

a chemical compound composed of a metal ion and a chealting agent

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15
Q

what is a chelating agent?

A

a substance whose molecules can form several bonds to a single metal ion ( a multidentate ligand)

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16
Q

what is a complex?

A

a species consisting of ligands bonded to a central metal ion

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17
Q

what is a ligand?

A

an ion or molecule attached to a metal atom by coordinate bonding

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18
Q

name some common ligands

A

H2O, NH3, Cn-, Cl-

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19
Q

name some organic ligands

A

carboxylic acids, sulphur containing compounds, prophyins

20
Q

what are teh three different types of ligand bonds?

A
  • bidente
  • tridente
  • polydenate
21
Q

What are the main sources of heavy metal environmental pollution? (5)

A
  • mining, vehicle use, batteries, fertilisers, industrial processes
22
Q

How can heavy metal pollution be prevented by redemediation?

A
  • isolation
  • immobilozation
  • toxicity reduction
  • physical separation
  • extraction
23
Q

How is solubility of metals determined?

A

by balance between bonding strength within elements and interaction with solvent molecules

24
Q

What do group 1 metals form when they react with water?

A
  • hydroxides
25
What do group 2 metals play a key role in?
- CCS (carbon capture system)
26
What kind of compounds do group 2 metals form in the natural environment?
- ionic compounds in the solid state with an oxidation number of +2
27
What is an amine?
an organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups (RNH2)
28
Define eutrophication
the excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or body of water due to run off from the land which causes a dense growth of plant life and reduction in o2
29
what is the electronic configuration of nitrogen?
1s2, 2s2, 2p3
30
How many electrons does nitrogen have on outer valence shell?
5 electrons
31
How is nitrogen a limiting nutrient to many ecosystems?
because only 0.01% of all species can convert N2 to a useable form (Nr)
32
what is Nr?
- reactive form of nitrogen which includes all biologically, photochemically and radiatively active N compounds in the earth’s atmosphere and biosphere. =
33
how is N2 converted to nr by humans?
- fossil fuel combustion - haber bosch process - cultivation induced BNF process
34
how much of the atmosphere is nitrogen?
- 78% | - most abundant element in the atmosphere
35
Name some nitrogen compounds and there chemical formula
NH3 ammonia NH4 ammonium N2 nitrogen NO2 nitrogen dioxide
36
describe the haber bosch process
an artificial nitrogen fixation process and the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today
37
Define nitrogen fixation
the chemical process by which atmospheric nitrogen (gaseous molecules) is converted into accessible organic compounds especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle
38
Define nitrification
the bacterial conversion of ammonium to nitrate in the presence of oxygen (NH4 > NO3)
39
define nitrogen mineralisation
Conversion of organic to inorganic N during decay of dead organisms (organic N > NH4)
40
what is Nitrogen Uptake
Nitrogen uptake by living organisms and use in proteins etc NH4+  Organic N
41
What is dentrification?
Anaerobic bacterial reduction of inorganic nitrogen NO3- > NO2-> NO > N2O > N2
42
Why is dentrification a significant biological process?
The only N transformation that removes reactive nitrogen from the biologically available reserves
43
Name some environmental impacts of reactive nitrogen?(6)
smog, forest die back, acidification, ozone hole, global warming, eutrophication
44
name all 5 Environmental Nitrogen Transformations (all stages of the nitrogen cycle) in order
- nitrogen fixation - nitrogen uptake - nitrogen mineralisation - nitrification - dentification
45
how does the form of nitrogen changes throughout the nitrogen cycle?
N2 > NH4 > N > NH4+ > NO3- >N2
46
What are the solutions for nitrogen in the environment leading to destructive impacts?
Control Fossil Fuel Combustion related releases • Increase N Uptake Efficiencies in Crops & Animals • Manage Manure • Improve Sewage Treatment

Molcules and Materials- First year uni (13 decks)

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