Eutocia & Dystocia Flashcards
What are cows called “springers” when it comes to pre-parturient changes?
Their sacorciatic & sacrotuberous ligaments relax causing their tail head to raise & their butts to bounce
When does udder edema & milk production begin pre-partum?
~1-2 weeks prior
What hormone(s) causes myometrial contractions?
Estrogen(directly) & PGF2a
Fetal stress leads to an increase in fetal _____ which becomes fetal ____
ACTH, Cortisol
Where does the hormone Relaxin come from and what does it do?
Luteal cell of ovary
Relaxation of pelvic ligaments
The maturation of the fetal ______-_____-_____ _____ is the start of the triggers of parturtion.
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis
The maturation of the fetal Hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis allows increased sensitivity of the fetal adrenal glands to what?
ACTH
What occurs in stage 1 of eutocia?
Initiation of myometrial contractions
What occurs in stage 2 of eutocia?
Explusion of the fetus
What occurs in stage 3 of eutocia?
Expulsion of fetal membranes
What initiates stage 1 of parturition?
The fetus!- Fetal cortisol
from the ACTH released by the fetus’s adrenal glands
Where do myometrial contractions begin in a monotocous species versus polytocous species?
Mono: Apex of pregnant horn
Poly: Cranial to most caudal fetus
Which species rotate into position during stage 1 of parturition?
Horses
What is the “water breaking” signify?
Rupture of the chorioalloantoic membrane and the end of stage 1
What is it called when the wedging of fetus into cervical canal stimulates oxytocin release, which stimulates more uterine contractions, etc.
Ferguson’s reflex
What ruptures in Stage 1? What ruptures in stage 2?
Stage 1: Chorio-allantois
Stage 2: Amnion
At what stage does Ferguson’s reflex come into play?
Stage 2
The relationship of the spinal axis of the fetus to that of the dam and the portion of the fetus that is entering the birth canal.
Presentation
- Longitudinal:cranial or caudal
- Transverse: ventral or dorsal
What are the “3 P’s” of parturition?
Presentation
Position
Posture
Anatomic relationship of the dorsum of the fetus relative to the maternal
Position
- Dorso-sacral=normal
- Dorso-pubic/Ventro-sacral=upside down
- Dorso-ilial=curved but upright
Anatomic relationship of the fetal extremities to its own body
Posture
Using the “3 P’s” describe the normal way a calf should come out
Anterior
Dorso-sacral
Head & front limbs extended
Using the “3 P’s” describe the normal posterior way a calf should come out
Posterior
Dorso-illiac
Hindlimbs extended
Which species has the highest & lowest rates of dystocia?
Highest-Cattle
Lowest-cats
What are the 3 maternal causes of dystocia?
Primary Uterine Inertia
Secondary Uterine Inertia
Abnormalities of birth canal
What are the 3 fetal causes of dystocia?
Abnormal PPP
Fetal Monster
Fetal oversize
What cause of dystocia is characterized by the dam never progressing to stage 2 labor?
Primary Uterine Inertia
T/F: The Cervix is usually dilated on exam of a primary uterine inertia dystocia.
True
What cause of dystocia is characterized by exhaustion of myometrium after prolonged attempts to deliver fetus?
Secondary Uterine Inertia
What cause of dystocia is characterized by incomplete cervical dilation?
Abnormalities of birth canal
Hypo_____ can lead to uterine inertia.
HypoCALCEMIA
