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Microbiology > Eukaryotic Microbes > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Microbes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What domain are fungi in?

A

Eukarya

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2
Q

Do fungi contain sterols in their membranes?

A

Yes honey!

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3
Q

What are the multi-cellular and uni-cellular forms of fungi called?

A

Multi-cellular = molds and mushrooms. Uni-cellular = yeast

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4
Q

What nutrient type are yeast?

A

Chemoheterotrophs organic molecules are the carbon source and the energy source

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5
Q

What is the food acquisition method fungi use?

A

Absorptive (saprotrophic) - produce and secrete enzymes that degrade the substrate and the products are then absorbed

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6
Q

Fungi form symbiotic relationships. What does this mean?

A

It’s a form of mutualism so both partners benefit

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7
Q

A symbiotic relationship fungi form with plants is called

A

Mycorrhiza

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8
Q

The symbiotic association composed of a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant consists of both partners benefiting. How?

A

The plant obtains minerals such as phosphates and the fungi obtains sugars/amino acids

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9
Q

There are two types of mycorrhiza, what are they?

A

Endomycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza

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10
Q

What happens in endomycorrhiza?

A

The fungi penetrates the cortical cells of the roots for the symbiotic relationship

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11
Q

What happens in ectomycorrhiza?

A

The fungi surrounds the roots for the symbiotic relationship

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12
Q

Fungi can form a symbiotic relationship with green algae/cyanobacteria. How do they both benefit?

A

The algae/cyanobacteria gets nutrients and the fungi gets sugars

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13
Q

Fungi can play a role in pest control against…

A

Nematodes, weeds, mites and other fungi

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14
Q

Fungi are food both directly and indirectly. Explain this statement.

A

Mushrooms - directly. Indirectly - cultured foods.

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15
Q

Which fungi is used to make bread and beer?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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16
Q

Which fungi is used to make quorn?

A

Fusarium venenatum

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17
Q

Fungi can be used for medicinal purposes, what is an example of an antibiotic from a fungi?

A

Penicillin

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18
Q

Fungi can be used for medicinal purposes, what is an example of a immunosuppressive from a fungi?

A

Cyclosporins

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19
Q

Fungi can be used for medicinal purposes, what is an example of a bacteriostat from a fungi? Remember a bacteriostat prevents bacteria from multiplying without destroying them.

A

Fusidic acid

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20
Q

Fungi can be used for medicinal purposes, what is an example of a vasoconstrictor from a fungi?

A

Ergotamine

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21
Q

There are around 200 species of fungi that are pathogenic to animals and humans. Many are nosocomial (hospital acquired) Give some examples.

A

Aspergillosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, pneumocystis

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22
Q

What are mycotoxins?

A

They are compounds produced by some fungi that are toxic to humans/animals

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23
Q

Give two examples of a mycotoxin.

A

Amatoxins and aflatoxins

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24
Q

Where are amatoxins found?

A

Found in Amanita mushrooms - Amanita phalloides.

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25
Q

How are amatoxins fatal?

A

They are selective inhibitors of RNA polymerase II which is a vital enzyme in the synthesis or mRNA. Without mRNA which is the template of protein synthesis, cell metabolism stops. Causes kidney/liver damage too which is fatal.

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26
Q

What produces aflatoxins?

A

Aspergillus, A. flavus

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27
Q

How do aflatoxins cause liver failure (cirrhosis/carcinoma)?

A

The toxins can intercalate with DNA, damage DNA bases by alkylation (transfer of one alkyl group to another)

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28
Q

Why are fungi problematic when it comes to plants?

A

Thousands of species are plant pathogens - economic importance (rusts, smuts, mildews)

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29
Q

How can fungi be problematic when it comes to food?

A

They cause food spoilage

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30
Q

The fungal cell wall is…

A

unique

31
Q

The fungal cell wall is present to protect the underlying

A

cytoplasm

32
Q

The fungal cell wall determines and maintains the shape of the

A

fungal cell

33
Q

The fungal cell wall acts as an interface between the fungus and the

A

environment

34
Q

The fungal cell wall is the binding site for some

A

enzymes

35
Q

The fungal cell wall allows interactions with other

A

organisms

36
Q

The fungal cell wall is multi-

A

layered

37
Q

What three layers make up the fungal cell wall?

A

Chitin, glucans and glycoproteins

38
Q

What component makes up the smallest percentage of the fungal cell wall?

A

The chitin

39
Q

What percentage of the fungal cell wall does chitin make up in yeast?

A

1-2%

40
Q

What percentage of the fungal cell wall does chitin make up in multicellular yeast such as Neurospora and Aspergillus?

A

10-20%

41
Q

What is chitin?

A

A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine

42
Q

How does the N-acetylglucosamine molecules bind together to form a polymer in the fungal cell wall?

A

By forming chains - beta 1-4 linkages

43
Q

How do the beta 1-4 linkages of N-acetylglucosamine forming the chains actually connect with others?

A

Through inter-chain hydrogen bondings which form microfibrils

44
Q

What is the function of the chitin in a fungal cell wall?

A

To provide stability to the cell wall

45
Q

What is glucans in a fungal cell wall?

A

A polymer of glucose

46
Q

What percentage of a fungal cell wall is made up of glucans?

A

About 50-60%, it is a major component

47
Q

What is glucans made of?

A

A polysaccharide of D-glucose

48
Q

What linkage is between saccharide molecules making up the polysaccharide of glucans in the fungal cell wall?

A

Mostly beta 1-3 linked

49
Q

What is the function of glucans in a fungal cell wall?

A

To function as an attachment site for other wall components

50
Q

What percentage of the fungal cell wall is made of glycoproteins in yeast?

A

Around 30-50%

51
Q

What percentage of the fungal cell wall is made of glycoproteins in filamentous fungi?

A

Around 20-30%

52
Q

Where are the glycoproteins found in a fungal cell wall?

A

Tightly interwoven in the chitin/glucan matrix

53
Q

Different fungi have different _____________ in their fungal cell wall

A

Glycoprotein

54
Q

What type of glycoproteins are present in yeast?

A

Mannoproteins

55
Q

What type of glycoproteins are present in N.crassa and A.fumigatus?

A

Galactomanno proteins

56
Q

Glycoproteins allow adhesion to

A

surfaces

57
Q

Glycoproteins protect the fungus from

A

chemicals

58
Q

Glycoproteins allow the synthesis of other

A

cell wall components

59
Q

How do fungal molds grow?

A

Grow as tube like, multi cellular filaments called hyphae

60
Q

What are hyphae in soil called?

A

Vegetative hyphae

61
Q

What is the role of hyphae?

A

To scavange nutrients

62
Q

Vegetative hyphae grow together to form a compact mass. What is this mass called?

A

Mycelium

63
Q

The portion of the hyphae that obtains nutrients is called the

A

vegetative hyphae

64
Q

The portion of the hyphae concerned with reproduction is

A

the ariel hyphae - often bares reproductive spores

65
Q

Why is the ariel hyphae called what it is?

A

The ariel hyphae projects above the surface of the medium.

66
Q

There are two types of vegetative hyphae, what are they called?

A

Septate hyphae and coenocytic hyphae

67
Q

Describe the septate hyphae.

A

The hyphae contain cross walls which divide them int distinct, uni-nucleate cell like units

68
Q

Describe the coenocytic hyphae.

A

Hyphae contain no septa, forming long continous cells with many nuclei

69
Q

Where do the vegetative hyphae grow from?

A

At the tip

70
Q

The growing tip is special because of three reasons. What are these reasons.

A

Structurally and functionally very different from the rest of the hypha
The cytoplasm appears more dense
No major organelles

71
Q

Where do vegetative hyphae grow from and what is this known as?

A

At the tip - apical growth

72
Q

What does the growing tip of a vegetative hyphae contain?

A

A structure where Golgi-derived vesicles accumulate known as the Spitzenkorper

73
Q

What is the Spitzenkorper?

A

The growing tip of a vegetative hyphae where the golgi vesicles accumulate

Microbiology (18 decks)

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