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Microbiology > Diversity of Microorganisms > Flashcards

Diversity of Microorganisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microorganisms can be classified according to their…

A

Nutritional pattern - metabolic diversity

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2
Q

What do phototrophs use as their source of energy?

A

Light

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3
Q

What do chemotrophs use as their source of energy?

A

Oxidation of matter

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4
Q

What do autotrophs use as their source of carbon?

A

Inorganic - carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What do heterotrophs use as their source of carbon?

A

Organic compounds

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6
Q

What does anabolic mean?

A

Anabolic - build up to make more complex molecules

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7
Q

What does catabolic mean?

A

Break down molecules to smaller molecules

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8
Q

What microbes are normally in the chemoautotroph division?

A

Bacteria and archaea living in hostile environments

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9
Q

What is the source of energy for chemoautotrophs?

A

Chemical - inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulphide, or ferrous iron

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10
Q

How is energy produced for chemoautotrophs?

A

Electrons are captured from inorganic compounds such as iron and passed along the ETC, ATP produced

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11
Q

What is the energy produced used for by chemoautotrophs?

A

To reduce co2 to make complex carbon molecules

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12
Q

What are complex carbon molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

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13
Q

What is ferrous iron converted do and by which bacteria?

A

Ferric iron acidithiobaciullus ferrooxidans

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14
Q

What is sulphur converted to and by which bacteria?

A

Sulphuric acid - acidithiobacillus ferooxidans

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15
Q

What microbes are normally in the chemoheterotroph group?

A

Include fungi, protozoa and most bacteria

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16
Q

What do chemoheterotrophs use as their source of carbon?

A

Organic compounds

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17
Q

What do chemoheterotrophs use as their energy source?

A

Chemical - break down carbon

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18
Q

Humans and almost all medically important microbes make up which group?

A

The chemoheterotrophs

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19
Q

What microbes are in the photoautotroph category?

A

Oxygenic - cyanobacteria, anoxygenic - green and purple bacteria

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20
Q

What do photoautotrophs use as their energy source?

A

Light

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21
Q

What do photoautotrophs use as their carbon source?

A

Carbon dioxide

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22
Q

What is the energy used for by photoautotrophs?

A

To fix carbon dioxide to make complex carbon molecules

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23
Q

How do cyanobacteria and green&purple bacteria differ?

A

Cyanobacteria - oxidise water to oxygen. Green and purple bacteria capture light from pigments to convert hydrogen sulphide into sulphur - primitive

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24
Q

Are photoautotrophs anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic

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25
Q

What do photoheterotrophs use as their energy source?

A

Light

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26
Q

What do photoheterotrophs use as their carbon source?

A

Organic carbon moleules

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27
Q

Examples of photoheterotrophs?

A

Green and purple sulphur bacteria

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28
Q

Photoheterotrophs are usually…

A

Anoxygenic

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29
Q

Are photoheterotrophs anabolic or catabolic?

A

Catabolic

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30
Q

What is an eukaryotic microbe?

A

Contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

31
Q

What is a prokaryotic microbe?

A

Doesn’t contain a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles

32
Q

What is the typical diameter of a cocci prokaryotic cell?

A

0.2-2 mirometers

33
Q

What is the typical length of a rod prokaryotic cell?

A

2-8 micrometers

34
Q

What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?

A

Prokaryotic - simple, consists of two proteins. Eukaryotic - complex, consists of multiple microtubules

35
Q

Which cell wall when present is chemically complex?

A

Prokaryotes

36
Q

Which plasma membrane has sterols and carbohydrates present that act as receptors?

A

Eukaryotic cell membranes

37
Q

How do ribosomes differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

70S in prokaryotes, 80S in eukaryotes

38
Q

Which cell type has multiple linear chromosomes with histones?

A

Eukaryotic

39
Q

Which cell type contains single circular chromosomes, bacteria lacking histones and archaea have histones?

A

Prokaryotic

40
Q

What is the most abundant group of living organisms?

A

Bacteria

41
Q

What are the common shapes of bacteria?

A

Coccus, rod, spirillum, spirochete, filamentous

42
Q

Bacteria are uni-

A

Cellular ;)

43
Q

Bacteria divide by

A

binary fission

44
Q

Bacterial cell walls contain

A

peptidoglycan - a sugar polymer

45
Q

What is useful about a bacterial cell wall?

A

Can be stained to classify species

46
Q

Cell membranes in bacteria are composed of…

A

Unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages

47
Q

Individual bacteria may form…

A

pairs, chains, clusters

48
Q

What are the three main groups of archaea?

A

Methanogens, extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles

49
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Archaea - strict anaerobes, produce methane

50
Q

What are extreme halophiles attracted to?

A

Salt

51
Q

What are extreme thermophiles attracted to?

A

Heat

52
Q

Who classified archaea as a distinct grouping?

A

Carl Woese

53
Q

Archaea are predominantly …

A

Chemoheterotrophs

54
Q

In archaea, the DNA is associated with

A

histones

55
Q

In archaea, the cell wall does not contain

A

Peptidoglycan

56
Q

Plasma membranes in archaea are composed of

A

branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages - different to bacteria

57
Q

Fungi are part of which group?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

58
Q

Fungi cell walls are made of…

A

Chitin

59
Q

What is a spore?

A

a spore is a unit of asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions - fungi are able to form spores

60
Q

Which fungi are unicellular?

A

yeasts such as candida albicans

61
Q

Is yeast forming spores sexual or asexual?

A

sexual

62
Q

Is yeast budding sexual or asexual?

A

asexual

63
Q

Examples of multicellular fungi?

A

molds and mushrooms

64
Q

Multicellular yeasts contain mycelia. What are mycelia?

A

They are composed of long branched filaments called vegetative hyphae

65
Q

Multicellular fungi reproduce by which mechanisms?

A

Hyphal fragmentation (asexual), sporangia (asexual) and gametangia (sexual)

66
Q

Yeast are dimorphic, what does this mean?

A

They can either grow as mold (mycelium) or yeast (unicellular)

67
Q

Describe an example of yeast being dimorphic.

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis survive in soil that contains debris mycelium, infects mammals - unicellular form causes Blastomycosis. Switch at 37 degrees triggers change to yeast like form.

68
Q

Describe protozoa in two words

A

free living and parasitic

69
Q

Protozoa move by

A

pseudopodia or flagella or cilia

70
Q

What are the three methods that protozoa can reproduce aseuxally?

A

Binary fission where one cell can split into two. Schizogony where the nucleus divides many times before the cell divides. Budding where buds form and pinch off of the parent cell.

71
Q

How can protozoa reproduce sexually?

A

By the fusion of gametes and some produce cysts

72
Q

The cell walls of algae contain…

A

cellulose

73
Q

Algae can be unicellular or multicellular, give an example of the multicellular type.

A

Seaweeds

Microbiology (18 decks)

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