Diversity of Microorganisms

Question 1

Microorganisms can be classified according to their…

Answer 1

Nutritional pattern - metabolic diversity

Question 2

What do phototrophs use as their source of energy?

Answer 2

Light

Question 3

What do chemotrophs use as their source of energy?

Answer 3

Oxidation of matter

Question 4

What do autotrophs use as their source of carbon?

Answer 4

Inorganic - carbon dioxide

Question 5

What do heterotrophs use as their source of carbon?

Answer 5

Organic compounds

Question 6

What does anabolic mean?

Answer 6

Anabolic - build up to make more complex molecules

Question 7

What does catabolic mean?

Answer 7

Break down molecules to smaller molecules

Question 8

What microbes are normally in the chemoautotroph division?

Answer 8

Bacteria and archaea living in hostile environments

Question 9

What is the source of energy for chemoautotrophs?

Answer 9

Chemical - inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulphide, or ferrous iron

Question 10

How is energy produced for chemoautotrophs?

Answer 10

Electrons are captured from inorganic compounds such as iron and passed along the ETC, ATP produced

Question 11

What is the energy produced used for by chemoautotrophs?

Answer 11

To reduce co2 to make complex carbon molecules

Question 12

What are complex carbon molecules?

Answer 12

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Question 13

What is ferrous iron converted do and by which bacteria?

Answer 13

Ferric iron acidithiobaciullus ferrooxidans

Question 14

What is sulphur converted to and by which bacteria?

Answer 14

Sulphuric acid - acidithiobacillus ferooxidans

Question 15

What microbes are normally in the chemoheterotroph group?

Answer 15

Include fungi, protozoa and most bacteria

Question 16

What do chemoheterotrophs use as their source of carbon?

Answer 16

Organic compounds

Question 17

What do chemoheterotrophs use as their energy source?

Answer 17

Chemical - break down carbon

Question 18

Humans and almost all medically important microbes make up which group?

Answer 18

The chemoheterotrophs

Question 19

What microbes are in the photoautotroph category?

Answer 19

Oxygenic - cyanobacteria, anoxygenic - green and purple bacteria

Question 20

What do photoautotrophs use as their energy source?

Answer 20

Light

Question 21

What do photoautotrophs use as their carbon source?

Answer 21

Carbon dioxide

Question 22

What is the energy used for by photoautotrophs?

Answer 22

To fix carbon dioxide to make complex carbon molecules

Question 23

How do cyanobacteria and green&purple bacteria differ?

Answer 23

Cyanobacteria - oxidise water to oxygen. Green and purple bacteria capture light from pigments to convert hydrogen sulphide into sulphur - primitive

Question 24

Are photoautotrophs anabolic or catabolic?

Answer 24

Anabolic

Question 25

What do photoheterotrophs use as their energy source?

Answer 25

Light

Question 26

What do photoheterotrophs use as their carbon source?

Answer 26

Organic carbon moleules

Question 27

Examples of photoheterotrophs?

Answer 27

Green and purple sulphur bacteria

Question 28

Photoheterotrophs are usually...

Answer 28

Anoxygenic

Question 29

Are photoheterotrophs anabolic or catabolic?

Answer 29

Catabolic

Question 30

What is an eukaryotic microbe?

Answer 30

Contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Question 31

What is a prokaryotic microbe?

Answer 31

Doesn't contain a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles

Question 32

What is the typical diameter of a cocci prokaryotic cell?

Answer 32

0.2-2 mirometers

Question 33

What is the typical length of a rod prokaryotic cell?

Answer 33

2-8 micrometers

Question 34

What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?

Answer 34

Prokaryotic - simple, consists of two proteins. Eukaryotic - complex, consists of multiple microtubules

Question 35

Which cell wall when present is chemically complex?

Answer 35

Prokaryotes

Question 36

Which plasma membrane has sterols and carbohydrates present that act as receptors?

Answer 36

Eukaryotic cell membranes

Question 37

How do ribosomes differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 37

70S in prokaryotes, 80S in eukaryotes

Question 38

Which cell type has multiple linear chromosomes with histones?

Answer 38

Eukaryotic

Question 39

Which cell type contains single circular chromosomes, bacteria lacking histones and archaea have histones?

Answer 39

Prokaryotic

Question 40

What is the most abundant group of living organisms?

Answer 40

Bacteria

Question 41

What are the common shapes of bacteria?

Answer 41

Coccus, rod, spirillum, spirochete, filamentous

Question 42

Bacteria are uni-

Answer 42

Cellular ;)

Question 43

Bacteria divide by

Answer 43

binary fission

Question 44

Bacterial cell walls contain

Answer 44

peptidoglycan - a sugar polymer

Question 45

What is useful about a bacterial cell wall?

Answer 45

Can be stained to classify species

Question 46

Cell membranes in bacteria are composed of...

Answer 46

Unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages

Question 47

Individual bacteria may form...

Answer 47

pairs, chains, clusters

Question 48

What are the three main groups of archaea?

Answer 48

Methanogens, extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles

Question 49

What are methanogens?

Answer 49

Archaea - strict anaerobes, produce methane

Question 50

What are extreme halophiles attracted to?

Answer 50

Salt

Question 51

What are extreme thermophiles attracted to?

Answer 51

Heat

Question 52

Who classified archaea as a distinct grouping?

Answer 52

Carl Woese

Question 53

Archaea are predominantly ...

Answer 53

Chemoheterotrophs

Question 54

In archaea, the DNA is associated with

Answer 54

histones

Question 55

In archaea, the cell wall does not contain

Answer 55

Peptidoglycan

Question 56

Plasma membranes in archaea are composed of

Answer 56

branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages - different to bacteria

Question 57

Fungi are part of which group?

Answer 57

Chemoheterotrophs

Question 58

Fungi cell walls are made of...

Answer 58

Chitin

Question 59

What is a spore?

Answer 59

a spore is a unit of asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions - fungi are able to form spores

Question 60

Which fungi are unicellular?

Answer 60

yeasts such as candida albicans

Question 61

Is yeast forming spores sexual or asexual?

Answer 61

sexual

Question 62

Is yeast budding sexual or asexual?

Answer 62

asexual

Question 63

Examples of multicellular fungi?

Answer 63

molds and mushrooms

Question 64

Multicellular yeasts contain mycelia. What are mycelia?

Answer 64

They are composed of long branched filaments called vegetative hyphae

Question 65

Multicellular fungi reproduce by which mechanisms?

Answer 65

Hyphal fragmentation (asexual), sporangia (asexual) and gametangia (sexual)

Question 66

Yeast are dimorphic, what does this mean?

Answer 66

They can either grow as mold (mycelium) or yeast (unicellular)

Question 67

Describe an example of yeast being dimorphic.

Answer 67

Blastomyces dermatitidis survive in soil that contains debris mycelium, infects mammals - unicellular form causes Blastomycosis. Switch at 37 degrees triggers change to yeast like form.

Question 68

Describe protozoa in two words

Answer 68

free living and parasitic

Question 69

Protozoa move by

Answer 69

pseudopodia or flagella or cilia

Question 70

What are the three methods that protozoa can reproduce aseuxally?

Answer 70

Binary fission where one cell can split into two. Schizogony where the nucleus divides many times before the cell divides. Budding where buds form and pinch off of the parent cell.

Question 71

How can protozoa reproduce sexually?

Answer 71

By the fusion of gametes and some produce cysts

Question 72

The cell walls of algae contain...

Answer 72

cellulose

Question 73

Algae can be unicellular or multicellular, give an example of the multicellular type.

Answer 73

Seaweeds