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Genes, molecules and cells (2) > Eukaryotic gene structure > Flashcards

Eukaryotic gene structure Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the diploid nucleus number and the haploid C-value number in human cells?

A 
Diploid = 7pg
Haploid = 3.5pg
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2
Q

What is the genome size of human cells?

A

3.3gb

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3
Q

How can we measure human genome size? (2)

A

Feulgen staining

DAPI fluorescence vs biochemical standard

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4
Q

What is the genome size also known as?

A

The C value

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5
Q

What is the definition of the C value?

A

The C value is the weight in grams of the DNA in a haploid genome

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6
Q

What is the average molecular weight of a base pair?

A

660Da (Daltons)

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7
Q

What are the calculation steps for working out the C value? (2)

A
  1. Genome BP number x average molecular weight (660) = molecular weight (1 mole)
  2. Weight = molecular weight/avogradros number (6.3x10^23)
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8
Q

Why do multicellular eukaryotes have genomes that encode genes inefficiently? (2)

A

Introns interrupt genes

Non-gene DNA

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9
Q

What is the explanation for the C value paradox?

A

Non-coding DNA can be present in variable amounts

They are not directly related to genetic complexity

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10
Q

What do the repetitive parts of a genome contain? (2)

A

Dispersed repeats

Tandem repeats

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11
Q

What does the non-repetitive part of the genome include?

A 
Unique sequence (intergenic)
Introns and exons (genic)
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12
Q

What is the makeup of the human genome in terms of repetitive and Non-repetitive? (2)

A

Genic - 25% (introns 23%, coding 2%)

Intergenic - 75% (20% unique, 55% repetitive)

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13
Q

What are the general features of gene organisation in eukaryotes? (5)

A 
Telomere
Non-coding intergenic sequences
Gene (promoter, coding region)
Centromere
Telomere
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14
Q

What are introns and exons?

A

Introns: interruptions in coding DNA (non-coding DNA)
Exons: coding DNA

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15
Q

When are introns removed?

A

Post-transcriptionally

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16
Q

What happens when splicing occurs? (2)

A

In the nucleus, pre mRNA

Processing - splicing occurs, exons joined together and introns removed by spliceosomes

17
Q

What are the advantages to retaining intron/exon organisation of genes?

A

Some genes have optimal exons
Allows for alternative splicing (not just one after another)
More than one protein form per gene

18
Q

How are the beginnings and ends of introns recognised so precisely?

A

Promoter region

19
Q

How do tandem repeats occur?

A

Arise from replication slippage

20
Q

Why are inverted repeats unstable?

A

Unstable due to forming a hairpin structures that are attacked by nucleases

Genes, molecules and cells (2) (14 decks)

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