eukaryotic cells (chapter 2)

Question 1

all components in an animal cell

Answer 1

mitochondria
cytoplasm
cell membrane
ribosome
centriole
rough EM
smooth EM
cytoskeleton
vesicles
nucleus
nucleolus
golgi apparatus
microtubule network

Question 2

what is :
metabolism
organelles

Answer 2

metaboolism : all the chemical reactions that take place within a cell

organelles : membrane-bound compartments of the cytoplasm where different chemical reactions take place

Question 3

nucleus

Answer 3

• contains DNA
• DNA codes for proteins, DNA is contained within a double membrane called the nuclear envelope (protects from damage)
• nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores to allow molecules to enter and exit (mRNA)

Question 4

nucleolus

Answer 4

• area withim the nuckeus responsible for producing ribosomes
  -made of proteins and RNA

Question 5

mitochondria

Answer 5

• found in almost all eukaryotic cells, are sites of aerobic respiration and therefore the production for ATP
• have their own DNA and can reproduce themselves and make their own enzymes
• have a double membrane, inner membrane is folded to crista and fluid inside is called the matrix

Question 5

lysosomes

Answer 5

• specialised type of vesicle
• contains hydrolytic enzymes
• responsible for breaking down waste material in cells
• play an important role in the immune system (phagocytosis)

Question 6

the cytoskeleton

Answer 6

• present through the cytoplasm
• necessary for strength and stability of the cell
• holds the organelles in place
• controls movement of the cell and organelles

Question 7

cytoskeleton parts :
microtubules
microfilamens
intermediate fibres

Answer 7

microtubules : form a scaffold which determines the shape of the cell, creates tracks where organelles can move

microfilaments : made of actin, responsible for cell movement and cytokinesis

intermediate firbes : give mechanical strength to cell

Question 8

centrioles

Answer 8

• part of the cytoskeleton
• made of microtubules
• 2 centrioles form the centrosome (the centrosome is involved with spindle fibres during cell divison)
• also found in flagella and cilia

Question 9

cilia

Answer 9

• can be stationary or mobile
• Stationary cilia are present on the surface of some cells and have a function in sense organs
• mobile cilia beat to create a current to allow movement of near by fuids (e.g. mucus)
• Each cilium has a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
• microtubules slide over each other causing the cilia to move.

Question 10

flagella

Answer 10

• enables cell motility
• in some cases used as a sensory organ

Question 11

ribosomes

Answer 11

• Can be free floating or attached to endoplasmic reticulum (rough).
• Made of RNA in the nucleolus of the cell.
• Site of protein synthesis
• Also found in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 12

rough and smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

Answer 12

rough ER : repsonsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins, has ribosomes stuck to the surface
- smooth ER : responsible for lipid and carbohydrate syntheisis and storage

Question 13

golgi apparatus

vesicles

Answer 13

• modifies and packages proteins into vesicles or lysosomes
• Single membrane bound sacs.
  Used to store and transport materials around the cell

Question 14

organelles in a plant cell

Answer 14

• mitochondria
  -cytoplasm
• membrane
• cell wall
• vacuole
• chloroplast
• ribosomes
• amyloplast
• golgi apparatus
• nucleus
• smooth/ rough ER

Question 15

call wall

Answer 15

• made of cellulose
• acts as a defence mechanism to protect cell from pathogens
• gives cell a rigid shape

Question 16

vacuole

Answer 16

• Membrane lined sacs in the cytoplasm containing cell sap.
• Permanent and important in maintaining turgor.
• Partially permeable membrane of the vacuole is called the tonoplast

Question 17

chloroplast

Answer 17

• Responsible for photosynthesis.
• Have a double membrane structure.
• Contain ribosomes and DNA and so are able to make their own proteins