Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
2c,
The Golgi Apparatus
endomembrane system
“the shipping and receiving centre”
The Golgi apparatus
consists of flattened
membranous sacs
called cisternae
Functions of the Golgi apparatus
Modifies products of
the ER
Manufactures certain
macromolecules
Sorts and packages
materials into
transport vesicles
Lysosomes
Endomembrane system
“Digestive Compartments”
A lysosome is a membranous sac of
hydrolytic enzymes
* Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze
proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and
nucleic acids
* Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle
organelles and macromolecules, a
process called autophagy
Lysosomes associated process
Phag
endomembrane system
Phagocytosis is the
cellular process by which a
cell uses its PM to engulf a
large particle (≥ 0.5 μm),
giving rise to an internal
compartment (lysosome)
called the phagosome
Lysosomes associated process
Auto
endomembrane system
Autophagy is the conserved
degradation of the cell that removes
unnecessary or dysfunctional
components through a lysosome-
dependent regulated mechanism
* It allows the orderly degradation
and recycling of cellular components
Vesicles
endomembrane system
“A basic tool used by the cell for organizing cellular substances”
Vesicle is a structure within
or outside a cell, consisting of
liquid or cytoplasm enclosed
by a membrane layer
Vacuoles
endomembrane system
-Vacuoles are membrane-bound
sacs with varied functions
-A plant cell or fungal cell may have
one or several vacuoles
-Food vacuoles are formed by
phagocytosis
-Contractile vacuoles, found in
many freshwater protists, pump
excess water out of cells
Endomembrane system review
The endomembrane system is a complex, interconnected and dynamic player in the
cell’s compartmental organization
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
– Energy Conversion from One Form to Another
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration
* Chloroplasts, found only in plants and algae, are
the sites of photosynthesis
* Mitochondria and chloroplasts are not part of the
endomembrane system
Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles
mitochondria
-They have a smooth outer
membrane and an inner
membrane folded into cristae
-Mitochondria are in nearly all
eukaryotic cells
-Chemical conversion to energy
What compartments does the inner membrane create
intermembrane space and
mitochondrial matrix
chloroplasts
“capture of light energy”
The chloroplast is a member of a
family of organelles called plastids
Chloroplasts contain the green
pigment chlorophyll, as well as
enzymes and other molecules that
function in photosynthesis
What does the chloroplast structure include
-Outer and inner membranes
Thylakoids
Thylakoid membranous sacs
Stroma, the internal fluid
Peroxisome
“Oxidation and Lipid Metabolism”
Peroxisomes are specialized
metabolic compartments
bounded by a single
membrane
Peroxisomes carry out
oxidative reactions
produce
hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2)and convert it to
water
