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ZZZ AS Level Biology > eukaryotic cell structure > Flashcards

eukaryotic cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

list organelles in eukaryotic animal cells

A
  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • RER
  • SER
  • mitochondria
  • lysosome
  • golgi body
  • vesicle
  • centriole
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2
Q

structures in cell membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • proteins
  • cholesterol
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3
Q

function of cell membrane

A
  • contains organelles
  • selectively permeable to control entry and exit of materials
  • protects cell from harmful chemicals
  • takes part in metabolic processes
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4
Q

structures in nucleus

A
  • chromosomes
  • nucleoplasm
  • nucleolus
  • nuclear pores
  • nuclear envelope
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5
Q

function of nucleus

A
  • synthesis of ribosomes and RNA
  • control centre for cell
  • retaining genetic material in form of DNA and chromosomes consisting of protein-bound, linear DNA
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6
Q

function of nuclear pores

A

allows passage of large molecules such as messenger RNA

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7
Q

function of nuclear envelope

A
  • controls entry and exit of materials

- contains reaction

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8
Q

function of nucleolus

A
  • site of ribosome synthesis
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9
Q

size of nucleus

A

10-20 um in diameter

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10
Q

structures in mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • cristae
  • matrix
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11
Q

function of mitochondria

A
  • site of aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle/ oxidative phosphorylation pathway)
  • production of ATP
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12
Q

function of matrix

A

contains proteins, ribosomes, DNA and enzymes

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13
Q

function of cristae

A
  • extensions of inner membrane provide large surface area for enzymes and proteins in respiration
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14
Q

which type of cells contain high numbers of mitochondria?

A

cells involved in metabolic processes requiring lots of ATP

  • muscle cells
  • epithelial cells (absorbing substances from intestine by active transport)
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15
Q

what does ATP stand for and what is it?

A
  • adenosine triphosphate

- nucleotide produced during respiration - transfer of energy

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16
Q

size/shape of mitochondria

A

1-10 um in length

rod-shaped

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17
Q

structures of golgi apparatus

A
  • stacks of membranes forming cisternae with vesicles
18
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A
  • secretes carbs
  • add carbs to proteins forming glycoproteins
  • produces secretory enzymes
  • transports lipids
  • forms lysosomes
19
Q

describe the strict sequence of lipids/proteins produced by ER passed through the golgi body

A
  • modifies lipids by adding carbs
  • labels them so they go to correct destination
  • transported in vesicles which are pinched off the ends of the cisternae
  • vesicles move to cell surface to fuse with membrane and release contents
20
Q

in what type of cells is the golgi body well developed?

A

secretory cells such as epithelial cells lining intestine

21
Q

what is a lysosome?

A

type of golgi vesicle releasing lysozymes (+ hydrolytic enzymes)

22
Q

functions of a lysosome

A
  • hydrolyse materials ingested by phagocytic cells
  • release enzymes outside of cell to destroy materials around it (exocytosis)
  • digest worn out organelles for reuse
  • break down dead cells (autolysis)
23
Q

structure of a ribosome

A
  • small cytoplasmic granule (also found in RER)

- consists of a large and small subunuits

24
Q

what are the two types of ribosomes?

A

80S -eukaryotic cells (25nm)

70S - prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplast (smaller)

25
Q

function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

26
Q

structure of RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)

A

extensive network of membranes enclosing tubules and cisternae
- continuous with the nuclear membrane

27
Q

functions of RER

A
  • provide large SA for protein/glycoprotein synthesis

- pathway for transport of materials (proteins) throughout cell

28
Q

structure of SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)

A
  • no ribosomes on surface (smooth)

- more tubular in appearance

29
Q

functions of SER

A
  • synthesis, store and transport lipids

- synthesis, store and transport carbohydrates

30
Q

list extra organelles in eukaryotic plant cells

A
  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts
  • vacuole
31
Q

structures of cell wall

A
  • microfibrils of cellulose in a matrix and a thin layer called middle lamella
32
Q

functions of cell wall

A
  • provide mechanical strength for plant as a whole
  • provide mechanical strength to prevent cell bursting due to osmosis
  • controls movement of water
33
Q

what is the cell wall of fungi made of?

A

polysaccharide - chitin (glycan +glycoproteins)

34
Q

what is the cell wall of algae made of?

A

cellulose or glycoprotein or both

35
Q

structure of vacuole

A
  • fluid-filled sac bounded by single membrane (tonoplast)

- contains solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes and pigments (e.g. anthocyanin)

36
Q

functions of vacuole

A
  • support plants by making them turgid
  • act as temporary food store (sugars/amino acids)
  • pigments colour petals to attract pollinating insects
37
Q

structures of chloroplasts

A
  • chloroplast envelope
  • grana
  • stroma
38
Q

function of chloroplast

A

carry out photosynthesis

39
Q

function of chloroplast envelope

A

double plasma membrane which is selectively permeable to control entry and exit of materials

40
Q

function/structure of grana

A

1st stage of photosynthesis (light absorption)

- stacks of thylakoids containing chlorophyll

41
Q

function/structure of stroma

A

2nd stage of photosynthesis (synthesis of sugars)

- fluid-filled matrix containing other structures such as starch grains

42
Q

how are chloroplasts adapted to their function for photosynthesis?

A
  • granal membrane: large SA for attachment of chemicals which carry out 1st stage of photosynthesis (chlorophyll/ electron carriers/ enzymes
  • stroma fluid - contains enzymes for synthesis of sugars in 2nd stage of photosynthesis
  • DNA/ribosomes - manufacture proteins needed for photosynthesis

ZZZ AS Level Biology (10 decks)

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