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Block 1 Week 1 > Eukaryotic Cell Components > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cell Components Flashcards

1
Q

Components of Eukaryotic cells?

A

1) endomembrane system
- Plasma membrane, ER, Golgi, vesicles, nuclear env
2) nucleus
- chromatin, nucleolus
3) cytoplasm
- cytotsol, cytoskeleton, organelles
4) organelles
- mitochondria

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2
Q

Theory for how eukaryotic organisms came to be?

A
  • endosymbiotic event
  • mitochondria first thing to show up, had bacteria enfold archaeology and end up with organelle within the bacteria
  • evidence: there is internal lining of cells that resemble bacterial genome…and outer liner closer to archae genome
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3
Q

endomembrane system? components?

A
  • primary center for protein & lipid synthesis in the cell
  • plasma membrane, Rough/Smooth ER, Golgi, lysosomes/peroxisomes, nuclear envelope
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4
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • gives cell integrity, is selectively permeable
  • composed of phospholipid bilayer
  • regulate cell-cell interaction
  • transport system
  • transduces external signals
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5
Q

what are membrane junctions? (x3)

A
  • how neighbor cells communicate
    1) occluding=tight junction
    2) communicating= gap junction
    3) adhering= desmosome
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6
Q

occluding membrane junctions?

A
  • tight junctions

- prevent molecules from passing between epithelial cells

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7
Q

communicating membrane junctions?

A
  • gap junctions

- lets small molecules move between neighboring cells

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8
Q

adhering membrane junctions?

A
  • desmosome
  • provides connection between intermediate filaments of the cell & cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
  • gives strength to tissues
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9
Q

what are glycorporteins?

A
  • have carbohydrates, can participate in cell to cell communication & interaction
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10
Q

endocytosis? three types?

A
  • uptake of fluid and macromolecules surrounded by PM
    1) pinocytosis
    2) receptor mediated endocytosis
    3) phagocytosis
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11
Q

1) pinocytosis
2) receptor mediated endocytosis
3) phagocytosis

A

1) ingestion of fluid & small protein molecules by vesicles
2) allows entry of specific vesicles via receptors
3) consumption of large vesicles by specialized cells

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12
Q

exocytosis?

A

reverse of endocytosis, the expulsion of cellular components from cell–> extracellular env via vesicles that bud off from PM

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13
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • system of membrane channels continuous w/ outer membrane of nuclear envelope
  • rough ER= has ribosomes
  • smooth ER= no ribosomes
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14
Q

rough ER vs smooth?

A

Rough:

1) ribosomes
2) makes proteins, lipids, and membrane proteins
3) few post translation modifications

Smooth:

1) no ribosomes, enzymes that help build molecules
2) makes lipids, carbs & steroids
3) detoxification & storage
4) membrane formation& recycling

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15
Q

ribosomes

A
  • FACTORIES of protein synthesis
  • attached to ER or free floating
  • can link together (poly ribosome)
  • mRNA typically bound by 2 or more ribosomes
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16
Q

ribosome composition?

A
  • two subunits synthesized separately in the nucleolus
17
Q

how know whether ribosome goes to ER or remain in cytosol?

A
  • when mRNA contains a signal recognition particle (SRP) it marks it as a transmembrane protein or a secretory protein
  • this SRP particle causes mRNA + ribosome to go to the ER
18
Q

Golgi apparatus?

A

PROCESSING

  • has flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
  • receives products from rough ER & processes them
  • protein modification, lipid transport, produce lysosomes, secretory vesicles & PM
  • sends finished products to cell surface
19
Q

Movement of proteins through Golgi?

A

Cis–> trans

-each section has diff enzymes w/ diff properties

20
Q

endosomes

A
  • formed at trans Golgi
  • transient structures (from endocytosis) or stable cytoplasmic organelles
  • can communicate w/ ER & golgi
21
Q

how make endosomes/ potential of endoscopes?

A

-early endosomes made at face of the PM, can nature into progressively more acidic structures OR become lysosomes

22
Q

lysosomes

A
  • membrane bound vesicles
  • made by golgi
  • have digestive enzymes to destroy proteins, recycle cell material & digest compounds form endocystosis
  • highly acidic
23
Q

defects in lysosomal enzymes?

A

-lead to genetic neurodegenerative diseases like tay Sachs

24
Q

peroxisomes?

A
  • organelles derived from ER
  • perform oxidative rxt (remove electrons)
  • peroxisomal enzymes break down long FA–> smaller molecules
  • destroy toxins (alc)
25
Q

nuclear envelope

A

what separates nucleus from cytoplasm

  • double layer membrane
  • continuous w/ ER
26
Q

how shit get from nucleus –> cytoplasm?

A
  • nuclear pores allow exchange between nucleoplasm & cytoplasm
27
Q

the nucleus

A
  • command center, deals w/ genetic material
  • shape maintained by nuclear lamina, composed of protein
  • contains nucleolus
28
Q

Nucleolus

A

-found in nucleus
-forms around chromosomal regions
-composed of proteins & RNA
Function= transcribe rRNA & combine w/ proteins to make ribosomes

29
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • made of viscous fluid (cytosol) with interconnected filaments & fibers
  • where organelles are located
30
Q

Cytoskeleton & macromolecular fibers (3)?

A
  • maintains cell shape
  • assist in movement of cells & organelles
  • has 3 macromolecular fibers
    1) actin (microfilaments)
    2) microtubules
    3) intermediate filaments
31
Q

actin filaments (microfilaments)

A
  • (8nm) extremely thin, help maintain cell shape by composing a dense web below the PM
  • important for muscle contraction
32
Q

microtubules

A
  • (25nm) hollow cylinder made of 2 globular proteins (alpha and beta tubulin)
  • alpha & beta form dimers than arrange into spirals of 13 dimers
  • cause movement by working w/ kinesis & dynein
33
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • (10nm) intermediate in size
  • rope like assembly
  • support nuclear envelope
34
Q

centrosome & centrioles

A

1) Centrosome: composed of 2 centrioles; function as main microtubule organizing center (MTOC); regulates cell-cycle

2) Centrioles: short, hollow cylinders composed of 27 microtubules
- oriented at right angles to eachother
- separate during mitosis…determining plane of division

35
Q

proteasome

A
  • mutli-subunit protein complex
  • destruction of malformed & ubiquitin tagged proteins
    • ubiquitin molecule is released back into the cytosolic pool
  • important for immune response
36
Q

mitochondria

A
  • have own DNA (13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs)
  • maternal inheritance
  • double membrane, folds of inner membrane = CRISTAE
  • ATP energy production

-NOT PRESENT in RBC

37
Q

Cilia & Flagella general

A
  • hair like organelles that extend from cell surface
  • for cell motility
  • have a central pair of microtubules, then surrounded by 9 other pairs
38
Q

1) Cilia used for?

2) Flagella used for?

A

1) short and in large numbers, used to move substances outside the cell
2) long, found on sperm; whip like extensions used to move cells

Block 1 Week 1 (9 decks)

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