Eukaryotic Cell biology Flashcards
Organisms can consist of how many cells?
One cell being unicellular or multiple cells being multicellular organisms
Are all cells the same
No the types of cells can vary throughout an organism
What is the main way to differentiate between cells? What is the main difference between them?
Categorising them as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Eukaryotes contain membrane bound organelles, most notably the nucleus which contains the DNA of the cell.
How many cells do eukaryotes generally consist of?
Multiple cells being called a multicellular organism
What do eukaryotes generally need?
Oxygen for metabolism, which is essential for their survival.
Cell membrane
Encloses the cell, keeping it intact. Made up of a phospholipid bilayer that is amphipathic, having hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. It regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cell. It is selectively permeable.
What else is embedded in the PM?
Proteins
What is difference between PM membrane and organelle membrane?
Degree of folding
What is the nucleus
Control centre of the cell, contains the genetic info.
Explain nucleus structure
Nucleus = nuclear membrane with nuclear pores. Inner nucleus membrane is KA nucleolus.
RER
Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis, protein folding, the transportation of proteins and further protein modification.
SER
Isn’t studded with ribosomes. Site of steroid and lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, drug detoxification and calcium concentration regulation.
Golgi complex
Stack of flattened membranous sacs. Responsible for packaging newly synthesised proteins in small membrane enclosed vesicles either used in the cell of exported out of a cell via exocytosis.
Lysosome
digesting food or cellular invaders, recycling of cellular components and cell suicide.
Main concept about lysosomes
Not in plant cells but vacuole in plant cells have a similar role in the cellular functioning.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell generating ATP which is necessary for cellular functioning. In both plant and animal cells. Has a role in signalling, differentiation and cell death.
What is an important part about mitochondria
Maternal DNA
Cytoskeleton
Provides structure to a cell, being capable of adjusting its structure to account or the changing structure of the cell. Three types include:
- mictrofilaments e.g. actin
- Microfilaments e.g. Alpha-Beta Tubulin Dimer
- Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
Responsible for providing structural support and cell movement
Microtubules
Localization and transport, in addition to cell division.
Intermediate filaments
Provide mechanical stability to the PM + nuclear membranes, + cell-to-cell interaction.
Three unique components of plant cells include
- Vacuole
- Chloroplast
- Cell wall
Chloroplast
Solar panel of the cell, responsible for capturing light and convertig it into ATP and NADPH. These are organic molecules derived from CO2 and H2O
Cell Wall
Provides structural support and protection to a plant cell. It adds additional strength to plants, esp. woody plants.
Central vacuole
Isolates harmful material, exporting them out of the cell. It maintains hydrostatic pressure within the cell and keeps the pH acidic. We say it controls a cells turgor pressure.
