Eukaryotic And Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards
Cells fall into one of two broad categories:
➢prokaryotic
➢Eukaryotic
pro– = before; –karyon– = nucleus
prokaryotic
(eu- = true).
~ Eukaryotic
All living things can be divided into three basic domains:
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
•The primarily single-celled organisms found in the Bacteria and Archaea domains are known as_____. These organisms are made of prokaryotic cells - the smallest, simplest and most ancient cells.
prokaryotes.
Organisms in the Eukarya domain are made of the more complex eukaryotic cells. These organisms, called ______, can be unicellular or multicellular and include animals, plants, fungi and protists.
eukaryotes,
- simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism
- lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
- Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell: a darkened region called the nucleoid
- bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
- Some prokaryotes have flagella, pili, or fimbriae.
- Flagella are used for locomotion
- Pili are used to exchange genetic material
- Fimbriae are protein appendages used by bacteria to attach to other cells
PROKARYOTIC CELL
Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell:
darkened region called the nucleoid
Prokaryotic bacteria have a cell wall made of
peptidoglycan
are used for locomotion(prokaryotic)
Flagella
are used to exchange genetic material (prokaryotic)
Pili
are protein appendages used by bacteria to attach to other cells
Fimbriae
Unlike prokaryotic cells, ______ cells have:
1. A membrane-bound nucleus, a central cavity surrounded by membrane that houses the cell’s genetic material.
- A number of membrane-bound organelles, compartments with specialized functions that float in the cytosol.
- Multiple linear chromosomes, as opposed to the single circular chromosome of a prokaryote.
EUKARYOTIC CELL
- much more complicated than those of prokaryotes.
- packed with a fascinating array of subcellular structures.
- A eukaryote is an organism made up of one or more eukaryotic cells.
- The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is found in an internal compartment of the cell called the nucleus.
EUKARYOTIC CELL
an organism made up of one or more eukaryotic cells.
eukaryote
The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is found in an internal compartment of the cell called the
nucleus
Similarities:
Genetic coding that determines all the characteristics of living things.
DNA
Similarities:
Outer layer that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and acts as a selective barrier for incoming and outgoing materials.
Cell (or plasma) membrane
Similarity:
Jelly-like fluid within a cell that is composed primarily of water, salts and proteins.
Cytoplasm
Similarity:
Organelles that make proteins.
Ribosomes
Difference:
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope that consists of two lipid membranes, according to Nature Education. The nucleus holds the eukaryotic cell’s DNA. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus; rather, they have a membrane less nucleoid region (open part of the cell) that holds free-floating DNA.
Nucleus/DNA
Difference:
Eukaryotic cells have several other membrane-bound organelles not found in prokaryotic cells. These include the mitochondria (convert food energy into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, to power biochemical reactions); rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (an interconnected network of membrane-enclosed tubules that transport synthesized proteins); golgi complex (sorts and packages proteins for secretion); and in the case of plant cells, chloroplasts (conduct photosynthesis). All of these organelles are located in the eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm.
Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells
Difference:
• In eukaryotic cells, the ribosomes are bigger, more complex and bound by a membrane. They can be found in various places: Sometimes in the cytoplasm; on the endoplasmic reticulum; or attached to the nuclear membrane (covering on the nucleus).
• In prokaryotic cells, the ribosomes are scattered and floating freely throughout the cytoplasm. The ribosomes in prokaryotic cells also have smaller subunits.
Ribosomes
Difference:
Most eukaryotes reproduce sexually (although some protists and single-celled fungi may reproduce through mitosis, which is functionally similar to asexual reproduction). Prokaryotes reproduce asexually, resulting in the offspring being an exact clone of the parent.
Some prokaryotic cells also have pili, which are adhesive hairlike projections used to exchange genetic material during a type of sexual process called conjugation. Conjugation can occur in bacteria, protozoans and some algae and fungi.
Reproduction
Difference:
Most prokaryotic cells have a rigid cell wall that surrounds the plasma membrane and gives shape to the organism. In eukaryotes, vertebrates don’t have a cell wall but plants do. The cell walls of prokaryotes differ chemically from the eukaryotic cell walls of plant cells, which are primarily made of cellulose. In bacteria, for example, the cell walls are composed of peptidoglycans (sugars and amino acids).
Cell Walls
