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GENERAL BIOLOGY > Cell cycle And Applications Of Mitosis, Meiosis And Its Diseases > Flashcards

Cell cycle And Applications Of Mitosis, Meiosis And Its Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

involves the distribution of identical genetic material or DNA to two daughter cells.
What is most remarkable is the fidelity with which the DNA is passed along, without dilution or error, from one generation to the next.

A

Cell division

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2
Q

In eukaryotic cells, or cells with a nucleus, the stages of the cell cycle are divided into two major phases:

A

Interphase and Mitotic Phase

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3
Q

• Almost 90% of the cycle is takes up with Interphase.
• DNA in the nucleus is replicated but chromosomes not yet visible.
• In order for a cell to move from interphase into
the mitotic phase,
many internal and external conditions must be met. The three stages of interphase are called G1, S, and G2

A

Interphase

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4
Q

• This is the first phase in the normal cell cycle.
• Involves preparation for synthesis and replication
of the cellular
machinery.
• Typically the longest phase of the cell cycle. Cells remain in G1 for about 10 hours of the 24 total hours of the cell cycle.

A

G1 Phase

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5
Q

• The cellular content of the
DNA is
duplicated in this stage of the cell cycle.
• The length
of S phase varies according to the total DNA that the particular cell contains

A

S Phase

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6
Q

• During this stage of the cell cycle, the cell synthesizes the proteins required to assemble the machinery required
for the separation of duplicated chromosomes.
• G2 is shorter, lasting only 3 to 4 hours in most cells

A

G2 Phase

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7
Q

Is a process of cell division which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell.

A

Mitosis

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8
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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9
Q

In this stage, the chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes visible and now called chromosomes.

A

Prophase

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10
Q

• In this stage, the nuclear membrane dissolves,
marking the
beginning of the prometaphase.
• Proteins attach to the centromeres creating the kinetochores and the chromosomes begin moving.

A

Prometaphase

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11
Q

• The movement chromosomes
results to the their alignment along the middle of the cell nucleus.
This process helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome.

A

Metaphase

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12
Q

• The pair of aligned chromosome separate at the kinetochores and move to the opposite sides of the cell.

A

Anaphase

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13
Q

• Chromatids arrive at the opposite poles of the cell.
• New membranes form around the daughter nuclei.
The chromosomes disperse and no longer visible
• The spindle fibers
disperse, and
cytokinesis or the partitioning of the cell may also begin during this stage.

A

Telophase

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14
Q

in animal cells, cytokinesis results when a fiber ring composed of a protein called actin located around the center of the cell contracts pinching the cell into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus.

A

Cytokinesis

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15
Q

a critical control point in the Cell Cycle
where ‘stop’ and ‘go-ahead’ signals can regulate the cell cycle.

A

Checkpoint

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16
Q

have built-in ‘stop’ signals that halt the cell
cycles and checkpoints until overridden by ‘go-ahead’ signals.

A

Animal cells

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17
Q

The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is large enough to divide and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells.

A

G1 checkpoint

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18
Q

• ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been successfully completed.

A

G2 checkpoint

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19
Q

ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore

A

Metaphase checkpoint

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20
Q

Is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.
These cells are our sex cells- sperm in males, eggs in females.

A

Meiosis

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21
Q

Separates
pairs chromosomes to halve number (diploid to haploid).
of homologous the chromosome

A

First Mitotic Division

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22
Q

pertains to one pair of chromosomes with the same gene sequence, loci, chromosomal length, and centromere location.

A

Homologous Chromosome

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23
Q

has been subdivided into
five
substages:
leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, and diakinesis.

A

Prophase 1

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24
Q

Replicated
chromosomes have coiled and are already visible.
The number of
chromosomes present is the same as the number in the diploid cell.

A

Leptonema

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25
Q

Homologue
chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each other in a highly specific manner. The pairing is called synapsis. And because the pair consists of four chromatids it is referred to as bivalent tetrad.

A

Zygonema

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26
Q

Homologue
chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each other in a highly specific manner.
The pairing is
called

A

Synapsis

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27
Q

And because the pair consists of four chromatids it is referred to as

A

Bivalent tetrad

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28
Q

Chromosomes
become much shorter and thicker.
A form of physical
exchange
between homologues takes place at specific regions. The process of physical exchange of chromosome region
called
crossing-over.
Through the
mechanism of crossing-over, the parts of the homologous chromosomes are recombined (genetic recombination).

A

Pachynema

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29
Q

The process of physical exchange of chromosome region

A

Crossing over

30
Q

The area of
contact between two
non-sister
chromatids,

A

Chiasma

31
Q

The two pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other. It is at this point where crossingover is shown to have taken place.
The area of
contact between two
non-sister
chromatids,
called chiasma,
become evident.

A

Diplonema

32
Q

The four chromatids of each tetrad are
even more
condensed. Also in this stage the nuclear envelope starts to disappear.

A

Diakinesis

33
Q

The spindle apparatus is completely formed and the microtubules are attached
TO
the centromere
regions of the
homologues. The synapsed tetrads are found aligned at the metaphase plate (the equatorial plane of the cell) instead of only replicated chromosomes.

A

Metaphase 1

34
Q

Chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite poles.
The sister chromatids (dyads) remain attached at their respective centromere regions.

A

Anaphase 1

35
Q

The dyads complete their migration to the poles. New nuclear membranes may form.
In most
species,
cytokinesis
follows, producing two daughter cells.
Each has a nucleus containing only one set of chromosomes (haploid level) in a replicated form.

A

Telophase 1

36
Q

The events in the second meiotic division are quite similar to mitotic division.
The difference lies, however, in the number of chromosomes that each daughter cell receives.
While the original chromosome
number is maintained in mitosis, the number is reduced to half in meiosis.

A

Second mitotic division

37
Q

The dyads contract.

A

Prophase 2

38
Q

The centromeres are directed to the equatorial plate and then divide.

A

Metaphase 2

39
Q

The sister chromatids move away from each other and migrate to the opposite poles of the spindle fiber.

A

Anaphase 2

40
Q

The chromatids are
at the poles,
forming two groups of chromosomes. A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows.
The chromosomes uncoil and extend.

A

Telophase 2

41
Q

is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

42
Q

• Mitosis ensures that the number of chromosomes of the parent cell is identical to its two daughter cells.

A

Keeps chromosome number constant

43
Q

• Mitosis helps in the splitting of chromosomes during cell division and generates two new daughter cells.

A

Maintains genetic stability in daughter cells

44
Q

Mitosis ensures the growth of an offspring. Human life starts with a zygote;

A

Helps in growth and development of zygotes

45
Q

Important for the development of embryos and important for the growth and development of our bodies.

A

Allows the organism to grow, repair and reproduce
• Important

46
Q

A technique
employed in
biotechnology to produce identical copies of cell or DNA fragments.

A

Cloning

47
Q

Stem cells are a group of cells that can be directed to form specialized cells in the body.

A

Stem cell regeneration

48
Q

Cell and tissue culture is effective for large scale production.

A

Cell and Tissue Culture

49
Q

Research on cell division provides new clues how to curb the growth of tumors by stopping their cells from proliferating.

A

Help one grasps how cancer develops and could provide clues in stopping cancer

50
Q

Type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half the parenter t chromosomes as the

A

Significance or Application of Meiosis

51
Q

• Only possible through meiosis.
• Gametes are sex cells responsible for sexual
reproduction which
contain half
the number of
chromosomes of all other cells in the organism.
• They are haploid.
• When male and female gametes combine in fertilization they create an embryo with the full complement of chromosomes (diploid)

A

Formation of Gametes

52
Q

• In animals and plants, reproductive cells called gametes are the vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to the next. During fertilization, male and female gametes (sperms and eggs) unite, thereby passing on genes of both parents to their offspring.

A

Expression of Genetic Information

53
Q

Meiosis
maintains the fixed
number of chromosomes in
sexually reproducing organisms, the most important contribution in reproduction.

A

Maintenance of Chromosome Number

54
Q

During meiosis,
the
homologous
pairs of
chromosomes
are
divided in half to form haploid cells, and this separation, or assortment, of homologous chromosomes is random.

A

Assortment of Chromosomes

55
Q

contains a mixture of genes from the organism’s mother and father.

A

Haploid Cell

56
Q

scrambles pieces of maternal and paternal
genes,
which ensures that genes assort independently from one another.

A

Recombination

57
Q

A genetic rearrangement between nonsister chromatids involving the exchange of
corresponding
segment of DNA molecules, begins during pairing and synaptonemal complex formation, and iS completed while homologs are in synapsis.

A

Crossing over

58
Q

A change in nucleotide sequence of the DNA in a cell.

A

Mutation

59
Q

is a disease in which some of the body’s cells uncontrolaby and spread gher parts of the body.

A

Cancer

60
Q

Tumor development involves number of mutations:

A
  1. Genetic mutation
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Dysplasia
  4. In situ cancer
  5. Invasive cancer
61
Q

a condition that the altered cell and its descendants grow and divide too often

A

Hyperplasia

62
Q

condition in which the cell’s descendants
mutated and divide
excessively and look abnormal.

A

Dysplasia

63
Q

cells are abnormal and tumor are still contained within its tissue of origin.

A

In situ cancer

64
Q

Some cells have additional mutations and allow tumors to invade other tissues

A

Invasive cancer

65
Q

In chromosomnal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies

A

Aneuploidy

66
Q

• Most common aneuploidy
• There is an extra chromosome

A

Trisomy

67
Q

(trisomy 21). It is usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy
21).
Characteristics:
decreased muscle tone, stocker build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate mental retardation.

A

Down syndrome

68
Q

(trisomy 13), a serious rare genetic disorder caused by having and additional copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body’s cells.

A

Patau syndrome

69
Q

Another type of aneuploidy in which there is a missing chromosome.

A

Monosomy

70
Q

in which female has a missing or damaged X chromosome. X instead of XX or XY. Often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features, and bone development and a “caved-in” appearance to the chest.

A

Turner syndrome,

71
Q

men with this condition are usually sterile and tend to have longer arms and legs and to be a taller than their peers.
Often shy and quiet and have a higher incidence of speech delay.

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY),

GENERAL BIOLOGY (5 decks)

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