Eukaryotes Flashcards
Features of the nucleus
Surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane with pores)
Contains chromosomes
Contains nucleolus which is a dense solid structure involved in ribosome synthesis
Function of the nucleus
Contains genetic information for the cell including chemical reactions and cell division
Controls when mRNA is produced and hence controls protein production
What does the endoplasmic reticulum surround
The nucleus
Features and functions of the rough ER
Has ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Features and function of the smooth ER
Has no ribosomes
Is the site for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism including hormone synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus, how does protein get to it
They are flattened disc shape sacs stacked on top of each other
Protein synthesised in the rough er is transported to the Golgi apparatus
Function of the Golgi apparatus
Process package transport and modify protein
Process package transport and modify lipids
Forms vesicles
What do vesicles do
Move substances needed for the organism to survive in and out of the cell
What is the function of the plasma membrane
Controls movement of substances in and out of cell
(Plasma membrane) what is the glycoprotein
Attached to a protein
Branching carbohydrate portion of a protein which acts as a recognition site for chemicals eg hormones
(Plasma membrane) what is the glycolipid
Attached to a phospholipid
Acts as a recognition site eg cholera toxins
What does cholesterol do in the phospholipid membrane
Adds strength
(Plasma membrane) what does the channel protein do
Embedded in the phospholipid layer
For facilitated diffusion
Describe the mitochondria and its function
Organelle bound by a double membrane usually rod shaped
It is responsible for producing ATP for respiration
Inner membrane (mitochondria)
Folded into cristae
Where ATP is generated in the cell by aerobic respiration
Matrix (mitochondria)
Fluid inside cristae
Contains enzymes for aerobic respiration and where the biochemical reactions of respiration take place
What does the number of mitochondria in the cell depend on
The cells metabolic activity
Describe lysosomes and their function
Pinched off areas of Golgi apparatus, small sphere of liquid surrounded by a single membrane
Contain enzymes that break down AND hydrolyse food and foreign matter in cells
What are ribosomes and what are their functions
Small structure Associated with the rough ER or free in the cytoplasm
Involved in protein synthesis as they assemble amino acids in the right order to produce proteins
Consist of 2 sub units that attach together, one made of ribosomal RNA and one made of proteins
Describe chloroplasts and their functions
Carry out photosynthesis
Disc shape with double membrane
Describe chloroplasts and their functions
Carry out photosynthesis
Disc shape with double membrane
(Chloroplasts) function of lamella and granum
Lamella- connects and separates thylakoid stacks (gran)
Granum- flat membrane stacks increase sa:v, small internal volumes quickly accumulate ions
(Chloroplast) function of thylakoid and stroma
Thylakoid- has electron transport chain and ATP synthase for photophosphorylation, has chlorophyll
Stroma- has appropriate enzymes amd a suitable pH for the Calvin cycle
Cell wall features and function
Consists of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a matrix
Middle lamella (top layer) is the junction between one cell and the next which sticks cells together
Gives it strength prevents cell from bursting
Function and features of the vacuole
Have a large permanent vacuole surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast
Contains salts sugars wastes and pigments
Supports plant by making cells turgid, may act as a temporary food store and provides colour
