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biology chapter 7 > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Describe the eukaryote and its basic features.

A
  • contains a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • single or multicellular and much larger
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2
Q

Why are the advantages of having many organelles?

A
  1. helps separate incompatible reactions
  2. increased efficiency of chemical reactions
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3
Q

Why does having many organelles increase efficiency of chemical reactions?

A

-localized, high concentrations of substrates/enzymes
-clustered pathways (product of one rxn=substrate of the next)

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4
Q

What structure appears in animal cells, but not plant?

A

lysosomes

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5
Q

What structure appears in plant cells, but not animal?

A

cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts

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6
Q

What are the components of the nucleus?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear lamina
  • nucleolus
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7
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope and its function.

A
  • double membrane
  • pore-like openings allow passage of materials
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8
Q

Describe the nuclear lamina and its function.

A
  • “nuclear cytoskeleton”
  • maintains shape
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9
Q

The nuclear lamina can be compared to what other structure?

A

cytoskeleton

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleolus?

A

ribosomal RNA synthesis

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11
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

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12
Q

List the characteristics of ribosomes.

A
  • NOT an organelle
  • no membrane
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13
Q

In free ribosomes, proteins made are used ______ the cytosol.

A

inside

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14
Q

In ribosomes bound to ER, proteins made are used ______ the cytosol.

A

outside

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15
Q

The rough ER functions in…

A

protein synthesis

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16
Q

The smooth ER functions in…

A

lipid synthesis or breakdown

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17
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

digestion and recycling

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18
Q

Describe the membrane of lysosome.

A

single membrane containing proton pumps

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19
Q

What are the components of the lysosome?

A

acid hydrolases (catalyze hydrolysis reactions)

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20
Q

How is pH maintained in the lysosome?

A

through proton pumps (higher concentration of p+, the lower the pH)

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21
Q

Describe the pH of the lysosome.

A

acidic pH (optimal for the hydrolases)

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22
Q

Describe the membrane of vacuoles.

A

single, contains transporters for selected molecules

23
Q

What are the components of a vacuole?

A

vary…
- carbohydrates
- pigments
- oils
- toxins
- hydrolases

24
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

-storage centers of plants and fungi
- water storage
-similar to lysosomes
- filled w/ colorful pigments
- filled with defensive chemicals

25
Q

What are the components of peroxisomes?

A

important enzymes
- catalase: breaks down h202 which is a toxic byproduct of many rxns
- alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

26
Q

Describe the membrane of peroxisomes.

A

single and contain transporters for selected macromolecules

27
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

-oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, or other compounds
-centers for redox rxs

28
Q

What is the mitochrondria?

A
  • powerhouse of cell
    provides ATP for the cell
29
Q

Describe the membrane of the mitochrondria.

A

-double and inner layer contains enzymes for the production of ATP (forms cristae)
- solution is inside matrix

30
Q

What are the components of the mitochondria?

A

-enzymes that harvest energy from molecules to make ATP
-also contain its own DNA and ribosomes

31
Q

What is the main function of the mitochondria?

A

ATP production

32
Q

Chloroplasts are the sites for….

A

photosynthesis

33
Q

Describe the membrane of a chloroplast?

A

-triple membrane
- contains individual thylakoids that are stacked into grana
- solution in between is stroma

34
Q

What are the components of chloroplasts?

A

-pigments
- enzymes that use light energy to make sugars (photosynthesis)

35
Q

What are the functions of a chloroplast?

A

production of sugars via photosynthesis

36
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • cell shape
  • structural stability
  • movement of materials (organelles) within the cell
37
Q

What are the 3 filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
38
Q

microfilament function

A

movement

39
Q

intermediate filament function

A

structure and stability

40
Q

microtubule function

A

tracks for the movement of organelles

41
Q

Describe the membrane of the cytoskeleton.

A

there isn’t one

42
Q

Describe the membrane of the plasma membrane.

A

single, contains transport and receptor proteins

43
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

A
  • phospholipid bilayer with transport and receptor proteins
44
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

selective permeability: maintains intracellular environment

45
Q

Describe the membrane of the cell wall.

A

there isn’t one

46
Q

What are the components of the cell wall?

A

carbohydrate fibers running through carbohydrate or protein matrix

47
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

protection, structural support

48
Q

What compose the endomembrane system?

A
  1. rough ER
  2. smooth ER
  3. lysosomes
  4. golgi
49
Q

Describe the membrane of the golgi.

A

single, contains receptors for products of the rough ER

50
Q

What are the components of the golgi?

A

stack of flattened, distinct cisternae

51
Q

What is the function of the golgi?

A

protein, lipid, and carb processing

52
Q

What is symbiogenesis?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotes, and evolved a mutually beneficial relationship

53
Q

What evidence is there for symbiogenesis?

A
  • circular chromosomes
  • small ribosomes
  • grow and divide independently of cell division

biology chapter 7 (3 decks)

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