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Biology Chapter 7 > Cell Systems > Flashcards

Cell Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)?

A

regulate import/export (nuclear transport)

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2
Q

Proteins that want to be imported into the cell need ___________ to enter.

A

nuclear localization sequence (NLS tag)

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3
Q

Where is the NLS sequence located?

A

the C-terminus of the proteins that want to be imported

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4
Q

The NLS can be compared to what?

A

a password… if the protein does not have the password, it can not enter the nucleus

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5
Q

How does the endomembrane system function?

A

protein sorting, packaging, shipping, and recycling

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6
Q

What can the endomembrane system be compared to?

A

a UPS store

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7
Q

What is the order of organelles in the endomembrane system?

A

rough ER –> golgi apparatus (cis then trans) –> vesicles –> destination (organelles or plasma membrane)

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8
Q

How are proteins ensured to reach their locations in the endomembrane system?

A

they have different tags/receptors that ensure they are packaged and shipped to correct locations (packing slip like UPS)

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9
Q

Describe the secretory pathway.

A
  1. protein enters the ER
  2. proteins exit the ER
  3. protein enters golgi
  4. protein exits golgi
  5. protein is secreted from cell
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10
Q

What is the signal hypothesis?

A

how proteins are targeted to the rough ER

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11
Q

Describe the steps of the signal hypothesis.

A
  1. ER signal sequence is synthesized.
  2. Er signal sequence binds to signal recognition particle (SRP)
  3. SRP binds to a receptor
  4. Protein enters ER through the translocon
  5. Er signal sequence is removed
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12
Q

What is the ER signal sequence?

A

short sequence located at the N terminus (password for the ER)

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13
Q

What other things occur in the ER?

A
  1. protein folding
  2. protein “tagging”
  3. folded and tagged proteins are sent to golgi
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14
Q

protein folding is assisted by ______

A

chaperones

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15
Q

proteins undergo _____ to become _______

A

glycosylation; glycoproteins

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16
Q

What happens in the golgi?

A
  1. proteins bound for different destinations carry distinct tags (tags are recognized by corrresponding receptors)
  2. proteins are sorted
  3. transport vesicles bud
  4. cytosylic and membrane proteins cause transport vesicles to attach and fuse at destinations
  5. vesicles deliver contents
17
Q

What is the mannose-6-phosphate?

A
  • a type of tag
  • lysosome password
  • monomer w/ a phosphate attached
18
Q

What are examples of things containing the mannose phosphate tag?

A

hydrolases and proton pumps (acidify proteins)

19
Q

What are the types of recycling material in the lysosome?

A
  1. receptor-mediated endocytosis
  2. phagocytosis
  3. autophagy
20
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

“cell eating”

21
Q

What is autophagy?

A

“self-eating”

22
Q

What are the types of filaments in the cytoplasm?

A
  • microfilaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
23
Q

describe microfilaments

A
  • aka actin filaments
  • two coiled strands
  • subunit: actin
24
Q

What is the specific function of microfilaments?

A

movement of cells via muscle contraction or cell crawling

25
Q

describe intermediate filaments

A
  • fibers wound into thick cables
  • subunits: keratin and lamins
26
Q

What is the specific function of intermediate filaments?

A

-maintain cell shape resisting tension (pull)
- anchor nucleus/other organelles

27
Q

describe microtubules

A
  • hollow tubes
  • subunits: alpha and beta tubulin dimers
28
Q

What is the specific function of microtubules?

A
  • move cells via flagella or cilia
  • move chromosomes during cell division
  • provide tracks for intracellular transport
29
Q

Myosin is a ________

A

motor protein

30
Q

What does myosin do?

A

converts chemical energy to kinetic/mechanical energy

31
Q

Describe muscle contraction.

A

when myosin head attaches to actin and moves, the actin filaments slide

32
Q

What is involved in intracellular transport?

A

kinesin and microtubules; kinesin walks along microtubule track

33
Q

Describe the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC).

A
  • plants: many throughout cells
  • animals: centrosomes (two centrioles)

Biology Chapter 7 (3 decks)

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