EUKARYOTE Flashcards
it has no organelles and they are unicellular (archaeans, bacteria) the genetic material of this is free in the cytoplasm
Prokaryotes
it contains many organelles and can be both unicellular or multicellular (protists, fungi, plants, animals) the genetic of this is contained in cell nucleus.
Eukaryotes
it is known as plasma membrane: historically the plasmalemma, it is range from 5-10nm thick and must be sufficiently flexible to allow certain cells to change shape
cell membrane
it separates the cells contents from the external environment and form its boundaries, a semipermeable membrane controlling the flow of metabolites to and from the protoplasm
cell membrane
it is the largest part of the cells, it contains 70-80% H2O, it has semi-solid consistency, which comes from the proteins within it; other simple and complex biomolecules and their derivatives are also present including ions and many other elements. it is where chemical reactions of cell metabolism takes places
Cytoplasm
what do you call to the fluid under the cytoplasm that fills the inside of the cells and which contain cell organelles
Cytosol
it is a large dna molecules which genetic information and which regulate the functioning of the cells
Genetic Material
it is the cytoplasm and nucleus of a cell
Protoplasm
it can be found in protist except protozoa and plants containing cellulose and fungi containing chitin
cell wall
what do you call for the little organs
organelles
it is a single membrane-bounded forming a network canals over which proteins and other molecules are transported and it is made of a set of flattened interlinked tubes which adhere to the nuclear membrane
endoplasmic reticula (endoplasmic reticulum)
it is which the ribosomes attached and it stores and transport proteins
Rough-Endoplasmic Reticulum
it is which no ribosomes attached and it is to build, store and transport lipids
Smooth endoplasmic reticula
it is a single membrane-bounded made up if one or more sacs(or stack) of flat cavities(dictyosomes) located very close to the endoplasmic reticulum which emits and receive small vesicles
Golgi apparatus or golgi bodies ot golgi complex
what do you call for the flat cavities in the golgi apparatus?
dictyosomes
it modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins; it receives substances that come from the endoplasmic reticula and pack them into vesicles for use in the cell or secretion out of the cell
Golgi apparatus
it is known as the powerhouse of the cell, it is small, double-membranes, spherical or sausage shaped organelles
mitochondria (mitochondrion)
a fold giving the inner membrane of a mitochondrion its characteristic wrinkled shape, providing a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur on
cristae
the region of inner membrane between cristae
matrix
double-membraned found in algae and plants
plastids
it contain green pigments (chlorophyll) that is essential in photosynthesis
chloroplast
it contains a red, yellow or orange pigments(carotenoids)
chromoplast
it is contain a colorless pigments and it is for food storehouses (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins)
Leucoplast
single membrane-bound without basic shape and size or that the structure may vary according to the requirements of the cell
Vacuoles
store food and other nutrients required by cell to survive and store waste products and prevent the entire cell from contamination
vacuoles
tiny sacs that transport material within or outside the cell
Vesicles
help move materials, such as proteins and other molecules, from one part of a cell to another (esp. the Golgi apparatus)
Transport Vesicle
move molecules outside of the cell, through exocytosis
Secretory Vesicles
present at the end a nerve cell transmit signal by secreting
neurotransmitters that activate receptors in the next cell along.
Synaptic Vesicle
vary in shape and size, depending on the needs of the cell they serve;
increases in no. and size if, for e.g., they have a lot of alcohol to break down
Peroxisome
oxidizes and breaks down amino acids and fatty acids, detoxifies poison (such as alcohol), contains catalase that breaks down 2H2O2 (toxic) 2H2O + O2
peroxisome
contains hydrolytic enzyme active at a much lower pH which are used for the controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules and it breakdown of macromolecules and pathogens(bacteria, viruses) and recycling of worn-out organelles
Lysosome
float outside the cell important in intercellular communication
Extracellular vesicles
with two subunits – small (40S) and large (60S) ribosomal subunit; without membranes to divide them moves freely within the cytoplasm (free ribosomes) or adhere to the rough exterior of endoplasmic reticula (fixed ribosomes)
Ribosomes
organizing center of microtubules in animal cells; comprises two microtubule rings known as centrioles regulates cell motility, adhesion and polarity in interphase and facilitates the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis
Centrosome
paired and composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring
centrioles
network of protein fibers and filaments distributed throughout the cytoplasm and intermediate filament, microfilaments (or actin filaments), microtubules
Cytoskeleton
These are protuberances or evaginations of the cytoskeleton, covered with plasma
membrane.
locomotory organelles
short, numerous it is locomotion, movement of particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane and filtration
cilia
long, single
flagellum
circular, dark-stained part of the protoplasm and it controls the activities of the cell – protein synthesis, gene action, cell division, and metabolic rate
nucleus
double-membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus’ outermost portion and is both the inner and outer membranes are phospholipid bilayers
nuclear envelope
is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, so the space between
the inner and outer nuclear membranes is directly connected with the cavity or channel of the
endoplasmic reticulum. separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm, maintain the nucleus as a distinct biochemical compartment, provides the structural framework of the nucleus, acts as barriers that prevent the free passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
small channels that span the nuclear envelope and it control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the
cytoplasm
nuclear pores
the semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus, where we find the chromatin and the nucleolus
nucleoplasm
uncoiled chromosomes consisting of DNA and protein molecules (histones), the material responsible for the dark appearance of the nucleus in a stained specimen, become chromosomes during cell division
chromatins
highly coiled chromatins during cell division
chromosomes
a darker-stained region inside the nucleus that does not have a limiting membrane, an accumulation of large amounts of RNA and proteins of the types found in ribosome, it produces ribosomal RNA molecules transported out through the nuclear pores for the
creation of ribosomes (ribosome biogenesis)
Nucleoli
